Civilization Begins With Order - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1101 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Lord of The Flies Essay Did you like this example? Civilization begins with order, grows with liberty and dies with chaos (Will Durant), If a civilization does not have order within it or liberty for the people then it is bound to end in terrible chaos. In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding, a group of boys get stranded on an island and there are no adults with them but even though they have each other they lose a sense of what is real and what is not. As the story progresses civilization is lost and chaos rises. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civilization Begins With Order" essay for you Create order Jack is a very interesting character who shows a lot of change in the story; from eager little boy to savage young man. Also, the way the author writes the story with such a simple style but with deep subject matter plays a role in how the story is understood. Jack starts the story as a very refined boy who could never bring himself to harm anyone, but as the story progresses all that is lost and he starts to clearly represent the destroyer. This archetype is, a paradoxical character whose destructions reflects a death drive and an inner fear their quest is to let go of anger or whatever force drives them (Changing Minds). Jack had not been able to kill a pig earlier in the story but then, Look! Weve killed a pig- we stole up on them- we got in a circle- (Golding 69). After killing the pig, hunting was all that Jack was left thinking about and he let his shadow side of self- destructive and addictive behaviors get the best of him. Jacks transformation into such a savage character results in his barbaric and animalistic behavior, and his savagery grows because of the lack of authority beyond just the conch. The conch is a symbol for order and power that all the boys get a chance to have, but Jack never cared for that because he lets his savage behavior and governance with violence get in the way of a civil state. Nature versus nurture is a very strong but indirect theme in the story. Nature refers to ones hereditary factors who influence our person while nurture refers to the environmental factors which influence ones growth. Jack in the story appears to be a natural born leader who always wants to step up, Ralph- we need meat even if we are hunting the other thing (Golding 111). Here Jack tells Ralph what needs to be done and the nature he has of being a leader later drives him to be the leader of a violent group of boys. The new environment he is placed in nurtures him to the point where a great change is caused within himself and all ideas of civilization are lost, and his nature plays a role here because he feels that he has to be leader otherwise things will simply not go his way. Jack has a very strong motive to dominate the boy and have complete power over them because he feels that he is the most suitable for it. Jack is a great example of an Id. Very similar to the Id, Jack cares about survival rather than rescue. The ids central point is immediate pleasures no matter the repercussions. Jack found the throat and the hot blood spouted over his hands (Golding 135). Jacks desire to kill and please his personal desires are shown here. He shows the boys that nothing will hold him back from completing his own needs, much like the Id aims to please itself by taking over ones mind. Furthermore, William Goldings writing style is very deep within subject matter but still very simple throughout. This is the writing structure portrayed in the story because there are certain parts where there would be many details about quite unnecessary things and other parts with not enough. For example, You got your small fire alright the heart of the flame leaped nimbly across the gap between the trees and then went swinging and flaring along the whole row of them (Golding 44). This is the part of the story where a forest fire starts and here, the author goes into such a descriptive state for the fire and in the next starting chapter it is suddenly resolved and never talked about again. This was quite confusing when it came to reading because it would be expected that such a descriptive section of the book would not just suddenly end and just be done with for the rest of the story, but that was the case with this certain section of the story. Another section of the story that was explicit without much necessity but ends up being quite simple to the story is when Ralph thinks about how ungroomed he is, The folds were stiff like cardboard and unpleasant; noticed too how the frayed edges of his shorts were making an uncomfortable, pink area he disliked perpetually flicking the tangled hair out of his eyes (Golding 76-77). This enhances the understanding of the story because of how descriptive the author is hinting to how long theyve been on that island because of how the boys now look and that helps simplify the story. Lastly, in chapter 9 the author goes deep with the subject of the story, but again it is not talked about again. The beast struggled forward, broke the ring, and fell over the steep edge of the rock. At once the crowd surged after it, poured down the rock and screamed, struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws (Golding 153). The author goes into so much depth with how the boys savagery made them lose sight of what was going on and it is confusing because after this scene the murder was never really talked about again and the boys just go on and continue being themselves as if nothing had happened. It was not as simple to the story as other parts were because this section doesnt infer or make anything else clearer. Overall, Jack started the story as a very decent young man and ended as a very uncivil and uncultured boy. He let his desire of wanting to kill and be leader get in the way of the civility of the rest and soon brought them down with him. Also, the authors writing structure not only affected the way that the characters were seen or what inferences were made but also the way that the story was understood. All civilization was lost as well as liberty leading to terrible chaos that ended with pure savagery.

Analysis of Colson Whiteheads John Henry Days - 1515 Words

Thesis: Colson Whiteheads John Henry Days is a quintessentially postmodern novel because of its cynical tone, its confluence of imagery, and its treatment of social and existential alienation. I. When the protagonist first arrives in West Virginia, his sense of alienation and isolation become poignant: setting the stage for what is becoming a postmodern novel. His experience checking into the hotel as a journalist offers telling evidence of the theme of alienation: The desk man at the hotel gave him a press packet when he registered, checking his name off a list, but J. hasnt bothered to look at it so he doesnt know what time dinner is, (p. 693). The imagery that Whitehead uses solidifies the core theme of social alienation. Here, the protagonists name is disembodied. His name is on the list, legitimizing his status in the society. On the list, he belongs to a group a professional organization. He is accountable to his profession, and yet, the protagonist does not feel a genuine sense of belonging. This trend continues throughout John Henry Days, and is one of the things that characterizes the novel as being postmodern. John Henry Days addresses a protagonist who seems com pletely emotionally detached from his surroundings; and yet his journalistic attitude makes it so that he has keen intellectual insight into what is going on regarding the symbolic meanings of the John Henry symbolism. Journalism also happens to be a postmodern profession in the eyes of the

Research Assignment on Labor Relations free essay sample

Define and discuss the term â€Å"collective bargaining. † Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about a real life example of a collective bargaining action. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article youve provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (10 points) Collective bargaining can be defined as. Process by which members of the labor force, operating through authorized union representatives, negotiate with their employers concerning wages, hours, working conditions, and benefits† (Answers. com, 2007). There can be advantages for both employees and employers in regards to collective bargaining. The advantage for employees is it â€Å"ensures adequate wages and working conditions by providing them with a collective voice. It also allows them to influence personnel decisions and to achieve a fair distribution o f gains from technological progress and productivity increases† (International Labour Organization Website, 2007). The advantage for employers is â€Å"collective bargaining helps to stabilize industrial relations by maintaining industrial peace that otherwise may be disrupted by labor unrest. Through collective bargaining employers can also address the need for adjustment to facilitate modernization and restructuring† (International Labour Organization Website, 2007). An example of collective bargaining is the article, Take-home pay: minus $108. 28. This article is about Wausau’s education support professional and their wages. These workers are paid by the hour and do not get paid when school is closed—these days not being pay include snow days, spring, winter, and summer break, or teacher inservice days. The difficult part is that they still get charge for their full health premium. Last year insurance was $302 and now it is $389 a month. Many of the workers are being paid below the minimum living wage (On WEAC, 2007). Wausau’s education support professionals are using collective bargaining to get their point across to their employer that these wages are unfair. They organized a march to gain the employers attention that change needs to happen. They need to be able to pay their insurance premiums that were raised should be making at least the minimum living wage if not higher. 2. Identify three laws that support collective bargaining. Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about each. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article youve provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (30 points) There are many laws that support collective bargaining. These laws have helped improve job industries. Three laws that support collective bargaining include the Equal Pay Act, Fair Labor Standards Act, and Family and Medical Leave Act. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was created to prohibit discrimination between men and women determining compensation for equal pay. This act is today a controversy subject. The article, Equal Pay For Equal Work Effort Stalled, brings up some very good questions, â€Å"So why then, in 2006, could it be that college-educated women are still earning not quite 75 cents for every dollar of a similarly educated man? Its a pay gap that has actually widened in the last decade, says an Economic Policy Institute analysis† (Tampa Tribune, 2006). Although the act was passed there is still work to be done regarding equal pay since the gap between men and women pay has changed much over the years. The Fair Labor Standards Act can be defined as, â€Å"A federal law that guarantees a workers right to be paid fairly. The FLSA defines the 40-hour workweek, sets out the federal minimum wage, states requirements for overtime and places restrictions on child labor† (NOLO, 2007). This law is taken very seriously and can have harsh repercussions. According to, The Fair Labor Standards Act: The High Cost of Non-Compliance, â€Å"Employers facing enforcement by the United States Department of Labor or private suits by employees are recognizing the high costs associated with non-compliance: injunctions, demands for payment of back pay, civil money penalties, fines, liquidated damages and in some cases attorneys fees. Willful violators may also be prosecuted criminally† (Irwin, 2007). Family and Medical Leave Act can be defined as, â€Å"A federal law that requires employers to provide an employee with 12 weeks of unpaid leave during a years time for the birth or adoption of a child, family health needs or personal illness. The employer must allow the employee to return to the same position or a position similar to that held before taking the leave. There are exceptions to the FMLA: the most notable is that only employers with 50 or more employees are coveredabout half the workforce† (NOLO, 2007). The FMLA has be a great contribution to helping employees balance their work and family responsibilities. Due this Act and driven mothers this had some employers develop innovative programs to help working mother. Some example include: a clean, private, and comfortable space (not a bathroom); a comfortable chair; a refrigerator for storing expressed milk; the provision of a breast-pump or a breast-pump allowance; adequate break time to breastfeed or express milk; and other programs to help mother strike balance between motherhood and having careers (Scott, 2007). These programs help reduce absenteeism rates, increased employee morale, and increased employee retention. 3. List four issues that are potential components of a collective bargaining agreement. Pick any two of the four issues youve listed and include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about each of those [two] collective bargaining issues in action. Write succinct and complete summaries on the contents of each of the articles youve provided along with your critical comments about each article. Support your findings with referenced research. (40 points) Four issues that are potential components of a collective bargaining agreement are employee rights, job rights, union rights, and management rights. The two that I will focus on are employee rights and union rights. According to our Labor Relations Book, employee rights include: just cause discipline and discharge; seniority rights in layoffs, promotions, etc. ; compensation; fair hearing through grievance procedures. The article, Certification of Largest Civil Rights Class OKd , focuses on seniority rights in promotions. The 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals on Feb 6 upheld certification of the largest civil rights class action ever against a private employer now approximately 2 million women who have worked for Wal-Mart and are claiming discrimination in pay and promotion. The plaintiffs claimed they were paid less than men in comparable positions despite achieving higher performance ratings and greater seniority; they rece ived fewer promotions to in-store management positions than men; and they had to wait longer to advance. They sought certification of a class of all women who work or have worked at Wal-Mart, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief plus lost wages and punitive damages. † People in general should not be overlooked with their seniority for possible promotions and advances. Union rights include: exclusive bargaining agent, union bulletin board in the workplace; union leader access to the workplace; shop stewards; and union security and dues checkoff clauses (Labor Relations Book). The article, La Porte agrees on meet, confer / Council, union now can negotiate on salary, benefits, is an article that demonstrates exclusive bargaining agent. The La Porte Police Officers Association now becomes the the sole and exclusive bargaining agent of all the police officers employed by the municipality, excluding the head of the police department, said La Porte Police Officers Association president Matt Novosad. Councilmen Barry Beasley, Tommy Moser and Tom Mosteit served on an ad hoc committee that recommended the city accept a petition signed by 67 officers to allow the union to negotiate on a one-on- one basis in areas of benefits, salaries, tenure and disciplinary issues. Now there is one person to do the negations between employees and employer. 4. Describe the process of establishing a bargaining unit. Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about any part of the process of establishing a bargaining unit. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article youve provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (10 points) The first step to establishing a bargaining unit is initiation. An example is when unions organize campaigns by advertising, distributing information. The next step is building support and an example is signing the authorization card. If more than 50% cards signed then the next step is request voluntary recognition. If less than 50% cards are signed then filing an election petition with the NLRB, NLRB determines appropriateness of the unit, at least 30% of cards must be signed, NLRB elections occur, and finally if more than 50% vote for the union the union is recognized and employer must bargain. Now back to the more than 50% cards signed leading to requesting voluntary recognition, the next step would be either employer accepts or employer denies. If the employer denies than goes to the filing a petition with NLRB. If employer accepts than union is recognized and employer must bargain (Labor Relations, pg. 232-233). An example of establishing a bargaining unit it the article on Steelworkers trying to resuscitate unions; Anyones eligible to join; Minnesota to be testing ground for new effort. This article is about the initiation phase of establishing a bargaining unit. The steel works are trying to find anybody interested to join. All they have to do is go to their website they listed to sign up and pay the dues of $40 and $20 if youre a student or unemployed. They offering a hot line and offering workplace counseling services to all workers. The gives steelworkers an opportunity to call is they feel being cheated, harassed, discriminated against. In the 21st century, a person can sign up and find information on many bargaining units that are trying to be established or already are. A person a can go the website to sign up and pay dues. They keep current information of what it going on with the bargaining unit. This allows those units to get information out too many people to keep their support. 5. List three examples of unfair labor practices. Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] two current web-based news item/magazine articles, each pertaining to at least one of the three examples of unfair labor practices youve cited. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of each of the articles youve provided along with your critical comments about each article. Support your findings with referenced research. 30 points) Three examples of unfair labor practices include: to refuse to bargain with the union that is the lawful representative of its employees, to discriminate against employees for engaging in concerted or union activities or refraining from them, and to discriminate against an employee for filing charges with the NLRB or taking part in any NLRB proceedings. The two that I will foc us on are to discriminate against employees for engaging in concerted or union activities or refraining from them and to discriminate against an employee for filing charges with the NLRB or taking part in any NLRB proceedings. The article Business Briefs is a great example of an unfair labor practice associated with firing and screening applicants that have an association with the union. This occurred with employment with Starbucks. â€Å"The board alleges that former New York employee Isis Saenz was unlawfully fired in 2006 for her support of union activity. It also alleges that Veronica Park, a New York district manager in 2006, interrogated employees about their activities on behalf of the Industrial Workers of the World† (Seattle Times, 2007). The article also mentions, â€Å"Starbucks paid nearly $2,000 to settle an IWW complaint with the NLRB, and in 2005 it paid $165,000 to settle charges that it had screened against job applicants with possible union sympathies and fired an employee for refusing to continue such screening at its Kent roasting plant† (Seattle Times, 2007) Companies should be held responsible for screening and firing employees and potential employees that are involved with the union. Another example of unfair labor practice is the article about and UPS driver â€Å"who was accused of an allegation having no merit to these accusations was discriminated, harassed and abused during these proceedings as Teamsters local union 435 stood by and allowed this abusive behavior from the company (UPS) to continue† (Wmass Indymedia, 2007). Not only was he ignored by his employer, but also by the union. This would be an example of unfair labor practice regarding to discriminate against an employee for filing charges with the NLRB or taking part in any NLRB proceedings. . Describe the role and function of an arbitrator. Include and discuss a current web-based news item/magazine article about an arbitrator or a labor relations-related arbitration action. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article youve provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (10 points) â€Å"The grievance pr ocedure is intended to provide an orderly and fair dispute resolution method. But suppose management just ignores the union’s arguments and evidence at each step of the procedure† (Labor Relations, pg. 357). The step to take in this situation is an arbitrator. This process includes: a. the Association may appeal the grievance to arbitration. The request for arbitration must be given in writing to the designated City representative by the Association within 10 standard working days from the date of the third step answer. Any grievance not appealed in writing shall be considered waived. b. An arbitrator ma be selected by mutual agreement between Association’s representative and the City’s representative. Should the representative fail to mutually agree on the arbitrator, they shall make a joint request to the State Mediation and Conciliation Service or the American Arbitration Association for a list of five qualified arbitrators. The parties shall each strike two names from the list and the remaining person shall be accepted as the arbitrator. The first party to strike will be determined by the flip of a coin. c. It is understood that the arbitrator will only interpret the Agreement and will in no instance add to, delete from, or amend and part thereof. The arbitrator’s decision shall be final and binding on the City, the Association, and employee. d. All fees and expenses for the arbitrator will be borne equally by the Association and the City. (Labor Relations, pg. 356). An example of an arbitrator’s ruling is â€Å"Marion Jones decided to file a breach-of-contract suit in 2005 against another of her coaches, Dan Pfaff, who coached her in 2003 and 2004. Unfortunately for Jones, the suit didnt go quite as planned. Pfaff denied any wrongdoing, according to the Times, and countersued for money he said Jones owed him. A Texas arbitrator ruled in favor of Pfaff, who won a judgment against Jones for about $240,000 in unpaid training fees and legal expenses† (Brennan, 2006). Unfortunately this did not turn out well for Jones, but arbitrator ha s to be fair when doing his job. 7. Outline the process of implementing a collective bargaining agreement (CBA). Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about a CBA being implemented. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article youve provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (10 points) First we will examine the Employer side of the process of the collective bargaining agreement (CBA). These steps include: assigning a bargaining team and responsibilities, conduct external benchmarking/data collection, review experience under current contract and fit with corporate strategic and financial goals, prepare strike and contingency plan, develop bargaining proposals and agenda; anticipate the other side, notify union and FMCS of intent to bargain, establish ground rules, multiple negations sessions and internal caucuses, reach tentative agreement, prepare debriefing materials for managers; strike preparations if needed, sign new contract (Labor Relations, pg. 294). Now we will examine the union side of the process. These steps include: elect bargaining committee and determine responsibilities, identify membership concerns and goals, review current contract, discuss issues with National Union, develop bargaining proposals and Agenda; anticipate other side, notify employer and FMCS of intent to bargain, establish ground rules, multiple negations sessions and internal caucuses, reach tentative agreement, debrief membership; conduct contract ratification vote; obtain national union approval; strike preparations if needed, sign new contract (Labor Relations, pg 294). The NBA is known for having a collective bargaining agreement. Here is an example of violation of the CBA, â€Å"Jackson, a guard for the Golden State Warriors, pleaded guilty last month to a felony count of criminal recklessness for firing a gun outside an Indianapolis strip club last fall, when he was with the Indiana Pacers. He was fined $5,000 and performed 100 hours of community service† (The Associated Press, 2007). His violation of the CBA is â€Å"a minimum 10-game suspension when a player is convicted of or pleads no contest to a violent felony. While the league felt these crimes fell short of that, it did hit each player with a harsher penalty than other players because of their histories. Both were serious offenses and each are repeat violators of N. B. A. rules, a league spokesman, Tim Frank, said† (The Associated Press, 2007). Collect bargaining agreements are there to be followed, if not then there will be consequences. 8. Describe the process of decertification of a labor bargaining unit. Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about the decertification process, proceeding, or action. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article youve provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (10 points) Decertification of a labor bargaining unit is done by decertification election. â€Å"This type of election is used to determine if a majority of unionized employees no longer wish to be represented by their union. If so, this union is decertified and looses its right to represent and bargain for employees† (Labor Relations, pg 236). According to the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, Inc. , The National Labor Relations Board maintains many rules governing when employees can file for a decertification election. For unions already in place with a negotiated contract, the NLRB’s general rule is that decertification elections can only be held near the expiration of the contract (or every three years, whichever comes first). This is called the â€Å"contract bar† rule. If you miss that window period, you will have to wait for the next one. For â€Å"new† unions which just became the exclusive bargaining representative and do not yet have a collective bargaining agreement, the general NLRB rule is that the union and employer must bargain in good faith for approximately a year before the NLRB will hold a decertification election Under the National Labor Relations Act, if 30% or more of the employees in a bargaining unit sign a Decertification Petition, the National Labor Relations Board will conduct a secret ballot election to determine if a majority of the employees wish to decertify the union and stop it from any further â€Å"exclusive representation. If the petitioning employees win that election, then the company becomes nonunion and all employees are free to bargain on their own, and negotiate their own terms and conditions of employment. Moreover, if 50% or more of the employees in a bargaining unit sign a petition that they no longer want to be represented by the union, the employer can withdraw recogniti on without an election if it wishes to do so (Except where the contract bar applies). A good article on the declassification of bargaining units is Unions Struggle as Communications Industry Shifts. In November 2002, Comcast completed its acquisition of ATT Broadband, a company in which union representation had been steadily growing. Since Comcasts takeover, 22 bargaining units from the former ATT Broadband have voted to decertify their union status, including one in Fresno, Calif. , where technicians voted 92 to 58 on May 12 to get rid of the union. In California alone, the union lost decertification votes at Comcast shops in Los Angeles, Sacramento and Modesto all in 2003. Comcast still has 22 union shops† (Richtel, 2007). The reason the fast decline, â€Å"Comcast says workers are voting to decertify because they may be more satisfied with Comcast management, which it says is more receptive to worker needs than the national top-down management of ATT Broadband† (Richtel, 2007). Comcast made the comment that they are not against unions, but â€Å"even as unions struggle nationwide, with just 12. 5 percent of the total work force unionized in 2004 compared with 22 percent in 1980, they face a particularly bleak future in the telecommunications industry† (Richtel, 2007) The unions have made such progress of change over the years, but the union member’s seem to be declining. This may be due to employers offering employees better benefits and better wages. Unions may not be need as much in the 21st century because of their history and due to employers accepting change.

Women The Effect Of Industrial Revolution Essays -

Women: the Effect of Industrial Revolution Women: the Effect of Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution was a great time of change for men, the economy, domestic life, and brought the change in the role of women in society to the forefront. As time evolves, so must the lifestyles we as a society lead. This was no different during the industrial revolution in Britain and France. Throughout this paper I will begin to discuss how the impact of industrialization effected the switch in labor from domestic to factory, the new role of the mother in an industrialized family and the issue of education in the lives of ordinary people, as discussed in the memoirs we have read in class. One of the main effects of industrialization was the switch in labor from the women working at home in a domestic environment to that where her labor brought in wages to the family. Suzanne Voilquin speaks of this in her memoirs "A Daughter of the People", "And so, at the end of the first week, we were very proud to to deposit on our father's mantle piece the eighteen francs we earned as wages."(Voilquin, 112). Throughout her story, she tells of how through the ability of her and her sister being able to work, they were able to support the family while her father was infirm. Without this opportunity, the family may have been put out onto the streets. It is through these two women's effort that the family survived. With the women now being able to earn wages out of the home, the role of the mother greatly changed within the home of the industrialized family. Before the revolution, children were raised on the plantation with the mother, father, and siblings as discussed in Agricol's, "Memoirs of a Compagnon". "[In regards to his father's plantation] moreover he made good use of his children's labor. He wanted to make us hard workers rather than gentlemen and ladies, and in this he did right."(117). We have also learned form this era that when women moved to factories, newborn children no longer had the opportunity to reside with the mother. Infants were sent off to a wet nurse, so that the women could return to work as soon as possible after the birth. This provided a new environment in which children were raised; however the pro's and con's of this new lifestyle varied. This brings me to my final point of the issue of education in the industrial revolution. It seems that throughout the memoirs the common theme is that labor was valued over education. Most children had no education at all and went to the factory as soon as they were able, while children who had a little schooling rarely went beyond the third grade. Jeanne Bouvier speaks of this in "My Memoirs", "[after her first communion] 'It's a shame you cannot leave her longer. She's very gifted. She even works hard when it comes to manual tasks'."(34). It is shown here that girls were not inferior to boys and were just as capable in school. This did nothing for the stigma that was already set on women. Many times the father was not willing to pay for his daughter's to go to school; just the sons were worthy of the cost of education. "My mother...paid the fees for her daughters with the money she earned...my father paid only for his sons."(Perdiguier 119). Obviously, the emphasis was placed on manual labor during this revolution, for it brought in money that the family may so desperately need. The industrial revolution placed the ordinary worker into a mirade of new, enterprising, and yet sometimes compromising situations. Workers were faced with new problems, but also with opportunities that had never been available before. It is through their struggle that we are the society we know today. It is through the past that we can mold our future.

The Mise-en-scene of Dr. Caligari essays

The Mise-en-scene of Dr. Caligari essays The film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is a film that went against all film form previous to its release. It was released during the German Expressionist period in history, which had its heyday after World War I. During this period, Germans were interested in art, such as fictional stories, theatre, painting, and films. They felt that these different aspects of the arts should show the psychological thoughts and feelings of the main character. Many times these films would be very dark in their scenery and the way the shots were filmed in general. The mise-en-scene was very important in these Expressionistic films. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is the story of a doctor, who, not until the end of the film, do we find out his true profession. He works in an insane asylum and the story being told is that of the main character, a patient in the hospital. The authors disease keys us into the strange mise-en-scene (all of the backdrops, costumes, lighting, actors in the sequence) of the film. Lighting was an important part of the mise-en-scene in this particular movie. The cinematographers and set designers decided against using sunlight in the film. Any scenes that couldve been filmed outside a studio were shot inside with painted sets. They painted both light and dark shadows on the sets themselves. This gave the illusion of shadows that would normally appear using pure sunlight. These shadows illustrated a type of chiaroscuro, which is painting with light and shadow in art. Similarly, The term used for the lighting style of this film is low-key lighting. This means that there is a high contrast between objects, buildings, streets, stairs, or people inside the scene, causing us to look at a particular scene or character in the way the director wanted us to. Also important to the mise-en-scene is the sets themselves. The walls, floors, stairs, and ceilings are shaped and set up in a way that makes ones perc...

LAW Surname Meaning and Origin

LAW Surname Meaning and Origin The Law surname has several possible meanings: A diminutive of the given name Laurence, from the Roman cognomen Laurentius, meaning of Laurentum, a city in ancient Italy.A surname for someone who lived near a hill,  derived from the Old English hlaw or hyll,  meaning small hill or burial mound; which became low in the south, but law in the north. Alternate Surname Spellings:  LAWE, LAWS, LAWES Surname Origin: English Where in the World Do People With the LAW  Surname Live? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, the Law surname is most prevalent in China and most dense in Hong Kong, likely a derivation of the common surname Lu,  Loh, or Luo. Within England, the Low last name is most common in Northamptonshire, where it ranks as the 72nd most common last name. It is also fairly prevalent in Essex (196th), Cambridgeshire (231st), Yorkshire (243rd) and Lancashire (249th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicates that within the United Kingdom, Law is most commonly found in Scotland, especially the Scottish Borders, Midlothian, South Lanarkshire, Fife and Angus. It is also fairly common throughout eastern England. Famous People Bonar Law - Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1922–23Jude Law  - British actorEvander M. Law  - Confederate  general in the American Civil WarWilliam Law  - important figure in the early history Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Genealogy Resources Law DNA ProjectThis DNA project is open to all individuals with the Law surname and variations (including  Carlaw, Castellaw, Crinklaw, De Lauriston, Drentlaw, Emlaw, Fallaw, Lauriston, Lawand, Laware, Lawes. Lawhorne, Lawhead, Lawhon, Lawill, Lawin, Lawing, Lawley, Lawlis, Lawman, Lawnicki, Lawshe, Lawter, Lawver, MacLaw, MacLaws, McLaw, McLaws, Nicklaw, Saslaw, Shullaw, Whitelaw, Wordlaw)  interested in working collaboratively to combine genealogy research with DNA testing to sort out Law  family lines. How to Research English  AncestryLearn how to research your English family tree with this guide to genealogical records in England and Wales. Includes information on both online and offline records including birth, marriage, death, census, military and estate records. Law Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Law  family crest or coat of arms for the Law surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   LAW  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Law surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Law genealogy query. FamilySearch - LAW  GenealogyExplore over 1.4  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Law surname, as well as online Law family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Law  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Law  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. DistantCousin.com - LAW  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Law. The Law  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Law  from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Equity and trust, Case Study. Case-Barclays Bank v Quistclose (1970) Essay

Equity and trust, Case Study. Case-Barclays Bank v Quistclose (1970) AC 567 - Essay Example 2. Facts of the case. Quistclose lent money to a company Rolls Razor Ltd for a specific purpose of payment of dividends to its shareholders at a time when the company was having overdrawn facilities from Barclays Bank. Eventually, Quistclose went into liquidation when Quistclose sought to recover the money it lent lying in a separate account meant for that purpose, with the dividends remaining unpaid. Barclays Bank, which held that money of the customer Rolls Razor in a separate account. The bank contended that the funds lying in that account should be set off against the company’s overdraft account since the funds belonged beneficially to the borrower company.3 The events prior to the insolvency of Rolls Razor Ltd need to be examined. The company had earned a considerable profit for the year 1963 as per the audited statement and an interim dividend of 80 % that had already been paid. On 14th May 1964, the company decided to pay the final dividend of 120 % that worked out to ? 209,719 8 s 6d net of tax deduction. As it had no liquid resources and its overdraft with Barclays Bank had reached a level of ? 485,000 against the limit of ? 250,000, the bank informed the company its inability to meet its requirement of funds for the payment of final dividend. In the AGM of the company held on 2nd July 1964, payment of final dividend of 120 % was approved. The company managed to obtain a loan of ? 209,719, 8 s and 6 d from Quistclose Investments Ltd to meet its commitment of dividend payment on condition that the payment would only be used for the payment of the said dividend amount. Since the cheque was drawn on Barclays Bank, where the lender was having its overdraft account, it opened an Ordinary Divided No 4 account and credited the proceeds of the cheque received from Quistclose Investments Ltd on 17th July 1964. The company could not raise further resources, and it decided to put the company into voluntary liquidation on the same day with due notice to the bank, which then amalgamated all the accounts of the borrower company except the dividend No 4 account. On 5th August 1964, Quistclose demanded repayment from the borrower without any notice to the bank. When the resolution for liquidation was made on 27th August 1964, bank set off the balance in dividend account No 4 against the money owed by Rolls Razors Ltd in part. This led to the Quistclose’s demanding the bank for repayment of the money appropriated by it.4 3. The issue. Quistclose needed to demonstrate that it had proprietary right over the money as otherwise it was liable to be used to discharge borrower’s overdraft with the bank. In other words, the borrower had held the money as a resulting trust for Quistclose, the lender5. The House of Lords raised two issues: whether there was understanding between the respondents that the amount of ? 209,719, 8 s and 6 d should be held in trust in favour of Quistclose in the event of non-payment of dividend and whether t he bank had notice of such a trust or the bank knew of circumstances that would make the trust binding upon them too. 6 4. The reason for the decision. The House of Lords decided in favour of the lender Quistclose for the reason that such

Management Concepts in Hospitals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Concepts in Hospitals - Assignment Example The efforts were towards advertising in the native languages and also developing simple 'guide to hospital' pamphlets in native languages. Childbirth classes were given in native languages. Extensive media advertisement was done too. The idea was to make it family-centered care. Multilingual physicians and nurses were catering the patients. This was enhanced by presentable looks of the hospital characterized by a large state of the art labor rooms and postpartum rooms with Jacuzzis and rooms for family members. The market orientation of an organization is directly related to overall business performance, employee commitment, and esprit de corps. The above quality improvement measures turned out to be a good business strategy too. The marketing presence was further enhanced by creating a new maternity services 'brand' for the hospital-the graphic image of infant footprint. The hospital further stated its presence loudly through aggressive advertisement. 1. Focus on the customer -serving majorly in the native language, advertising in native languages, organizing cultural shows for the ethnic population and in general making the people feel at home for the stressful event of childbirth to take place. 3. 2. Extensive research into the ethnic ways and this followed by aggressive promotional activities in culturally acquainted [to the ethnic populaces] ways. 3. More presentable looks and adoption of hospital services 'brand'-the infant footprint-all this made the community hospital more professional in outlook. Lager labor rooms and post-partum rooms with Jacuzzis were a similar step.   As the overall marketing orientation is related to staff motivation, the work standards were bound to improve with more number of satisfied customers. The staff's esprit de corps is directly related to the success of the organizational behavior[Knights and Willmott, 67]. Thus better business would've been a catalyst for better work again. While the hospital's overall rapport with the general public improved with the improved reputation the staff and administration produced better results.  

Awake - Creative writingWriting Essay Example for Free

Awake Creative writingWriting Essay The green leaf was melting in my hand. In her pink hair daffodils were sleeping as we were dancing and laughing through the forests thunder. She smiles. I feel like heavens on earth. She is the love if my life. Everything I ever wanted. The sun sparkles in her eyes of sugar while her soft lips kiss mines. Holding my arm around her waist a shiver of happiness explodes in my veins. I wish this kiss last forever. She is mine. I am hers. Forever as one. From the distance, I see like in a tunnel people dancing and drinking; a party. In the woods?! Like a tornado I feel absorbed and transposed by the dark light in that devilish world and the party becomes my reality oh no, where did the forest go? My love?! Dont leave me! The heat. The noise. The lights. The sounds were an apocalypse of evil. I look at my palm. Drugs. Everything was a hallucination, a frenzy I look around and all I see is people with evil smiles, blinded by the discos lights. As I turn my head round, I see a painting on the wall. No, it cant be but yes! Its her! This cant be a dream! Her white dress, hypnotic smile and her pink hair with daffodils and the trees, moaning in the winds wild breath. I approach and I feel how my heart struggles to reject the feeling of the pleasant pain of love which surrounds every inch of my being. Shaking, I hold out her and as my hand sinks into the painting I realize it is real! I can feel her tender skin again but even though my hand is in heaven, my eyes are in pain as I am blinded by a powerful shiny white light The disc of the sun is trapped in the vase on my desk which reflects a huge microscopic dot of light torturing my dreamy eyes. I try to open them as I feel my arm numb under my pillow. Half asleep, I smell a scent of toast and bacon. The sun pierces the curtains as I pull them back to reveal a lovely morning. As I step on the cold floor of my bathroom, trying to brush my teeth, I almost put soap on my toothbrush During my journey to school, I remember the weird dream I had, meanwhile the sun warms up my dreary face as the luring vanilla scent of the car tempts me to go back in the world of dreams, where nothing is impossible I arrived. As I approach my classroom, from the crowded mass, a new face catches my attention. A boy. Short, black straightened hair, round eyes. I dont think Ive seen him before. He is gorgeous. His appearance paralyses me as Im pushed over by the crowd. He fills the emptiness in my heart. His gestures are so perfectly surreal and full of everything I never had and always wanted I want him so bad In my desperate longing I feel a wave of painful hot tears of silence that reflect his image into my eyes. Im crying. Hell never be mine. I try to move but I realize I cant feel my body anymore. My legs are numb meanwhile I wish hed turn around once more. If only hed notice me. I cant even see him anymore because of the tears flooding my eyes. I never wanted something like this before! Therefore I felt like screaming his name? Shannon. Shannon His name was echoing inside me, beyond my being, within my tortured soul of pain, surrounded by weeping tears. I feel caught in a dizzy spin again people around me have no idea how love is supposed to feel like they are chatting and making noise therefore causing the violent tornado to spin me in circles of lights and pain as I hear a bell I need to hurry up no its the agitated alarm from my phone stop! Im awake now.

Plagues And Diseases Essay -- essays research papers fc

Plagues and Diseases Plague. A word that has struck fear in the hearts of man since the earliest of times. It has also lead to some of the greatest historical events and stories of our time. The ancient cities of Rome and Athens, in their downfall, were finished off by pestilence. The Bubonic Plague, also known as The Black Death, devastated Europe in the 14th century, starting a new age. The great warrior Ivan the Terrible was stricken with disease, and driven mad. During the "exploration" of the new world, Cortes's greatest ally against the Aztecs was smallpox. Napoleon's Grand Army was defeated by the Russians, and typhus. Queen Victoria spread hemophilia to her heirs, leading to the illness of the only son of Czar Nicholas, and the fall of monarchy in Russia.1 All the events are horrible in every way, but have struck a chord with people around the world. Perhaps it is our inherent morbid curiosity. So, the question is, if these events happened once, why can't they happen again? Let us take a look at the most horrible, so far, of the plagues: The Black Death. It took Europe by storm from approximately 1345 to 1361. It would also make small comebacks throughout the next 400 years, but never like it did the first time. It also reached into Africa, China, Russia, and the Scandinavian countries. It was truly a worldwide pandemic. But, it has a secondary effect that not many people are aware of. The colonies of Greenland, settled by the Vikings, were stricken by the plague and they soon disappeared. It is known that these colonies kept in contact with "Vinland", which was near New Foundland, in Canada. The Vikings had already discovered North America! But, alas, with these colonies all dead, Greenland was forgotten, and not discovered again until 1585.2 It is estimated that the plague took 24 million lives, about a quarter of the European population. This may seem incredulous to people today, but it happened. During those times, where there were humans, there were black rats. And where there are rats, there are fleas. And where there were fleas, there was the plague. Bubonic plague, and also pneumonic plague, were everywhere. France, Italy, Russia, England, you name it. When a village was infected, people fled, most likely taking the plague with them to the next village.3 One ca... ...n't, but it sure does sound good. I hope to have entertained you through this paper, and given you something to chew on for a few weeks. And I have just one more thought. When people think of the end of the world, they think of a big mushroom cloud destroying everyone in a pillar of light. But, I just don't see that. I see something less spectacular. When the end comes, it won't be with a bang. No one will see it coming. An army of the smallest soldiers will attack us from the inside out. One-billionth of our size, and they'll beat us. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Abel, Ernest L. America's Top 25 Killers. Hillside, N.J.: Enslow Publishers Inc., 1991 2. Archer, Jules. Epidemic! New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanich, 1977. 3. Berger, Melvin. Disease Detectives. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1978. 4. Cartwright, Fred F. Disease and History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972. 5. Guerrilla Warfare. "Time: Frontiers of Medicine." Vol. 148, No.4, Pg. 58-62. 6. McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1976.

Lesson Vocabulary

They related one Of the disease Symptoms such as memory loss to her forgetting to take out the trash. Menopause- the time of natural cessation of menstruation. On the popular television show 19 kids and counting, the mother had went to her doctors office questioning whether or not she was able to have more children. The doctor had went trough numerous questions, one of which included whether she has gone through menopause as this would indicate that her body is not able to carry any more children.Cross-sectional study-a study in which people Of different ages are compared with one another. As was listening to the radio one day, there was an advertisement looking for people aged 10-65, in order for them to compare how the brain reacts to different stimuli as the brain ages. This is an example of a cross-sectional study as there is a group of people within a large range of ages in order for them to be compared to one another. Institutional study- research on which the same people are r estudied and retested over a long period of time.A study in which children who are given medication to treat a disease, and are tested then and every five years in order to see the development with the ewe drug(whether it is working,etc) is an example of a longitudinal study as the same people are being tested for the medication and are having to be retested in order to reassure the medication is working. Adolescence- the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extended from puberty to independence.When conversing with a coworker who is above the age of twenty five and is living on their own, settled down with a family, and has a stable job, you are more than likely to consider this individual to have gone through adolescence as they are now quite independent and have had many years after starting puberty. Primary sex characteristics- the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible. If a female were to lack ovaries, she would be lacking a primary sex characteristic , as without ovaries, natural reproduction is impossible.Secondary sex characteristics- non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. While working down the street, you notice a striking young man, with a trimmed beard, well dressed, and a low voice. You are attracted to his secondary sex characteristics as you like his beard, which is a secondary sex characteristic, as well as his deep voice. Social clock- the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.During the renaissance, if you were not married by the age of 15, you were considered to be a witch, as only one of the dark side would have this flaw. This can be seen as an extreme formation of a social clock as they believe one must be married by a certain age. Menarche, the first menstrual period. When a child enters the third grade many times they are asked if they would like to take a sex deed class. In this class they will disc uss numerous topics, one which may include menarche as many females will be unaware of this at this GE in order to educate the young females that it is just a sign of their bodies functionally properly.Fluid intelligence- our ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Having fluid intelligence is quite necessary as a teenager because decisions are made quickly and you must be able to sort the complications as well as the advantages Of doing an activity. Crystallized intelligence- our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills. If one were to speak of a book they read last year and discuss what occurred in the book, they are using crystallized intelligence as they are pulling information from a later date.

Coca Cola Ad Analysis

For years, Coca-Cola has been one of the world’s leading manufacturers and distributors of soft drink beverages and other various products. Over the course of time, the company has grown tremendously and has spread many of its markets to a variety of different places. Since it first began, nobody would have thought that it would be where it is today and how big of an influence it would have on the public. This can strongly be attributed to the company’s smart yet robust advertising and marketing policies, which have enabled it to promote its product to the consumers.In one of Coca-Cola’s advertisements, the company attempts to create a relationship between the product and consumer while displaying how the drink is a part of American culture. The idea that is being portrayed is meant to appeal to American interests by means of longstanding segments of American culture. In this advertisement, the logo at the very bottom reads, â€Å"A classic never goes out of sty le. † As we can see, the image of the coke bottle consists of many pictures pertaining to American history.Coke and PepsiRegardless of whether or not a person had ever purchased a coke product, the design of the bottle immediately grasps the consumer’s attention. This is mainly due in part by the bottle’s depiction of traditional themes that people can relate to. For example, the artist who created the image included The Beatles, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, The American Flag, The Rolling Stones, Baseball, and a Cadillac, which can all be characterized as â€Å"American Classics†.Altogether, they represent some of the values that which America was built upon and what people have learned to love. Consequently, the assumption that is being made is that Coca-Cola is also an â€Å"American Classic†. It is quite clear that while the product may be considered just a drink, it is in fact more than that. By relating the beverage to some of America’ s longstanding roots, the company has without a doubt created a closer relationship between product and consumer.People can view the image of the bottle and automatically be inclined to buy the product for themselves due to the sheer fact that the pictures are of such great importance to our society. Additionally, it is essential to note another subtle yet key idea that is being portrayed in the advertisement. Firstly, something that is considered to be a â€Å"classic† has to be of great significance and influence compared to other subjects in its category. While â€Å"classics† may forever be a part of our culture, the impression given by Coca-Cola is that Coke will never go out of style.

Hamlet Essays (312 words) - English-language Films, Free Essays

Hamlet Essays (312 words) - English-language Films, Free Essays Hamlet The humor in both of the plays is something that makes the reader think deeper than what is actually there. The humor in Hamlet is his dramatic behavior and the whole idea of Old King Hamlet returning to Hamlet as a ghost. The humor plays tricks with the readers mind because it makes him/her think if what is being described is actually happening in the plays. The question of the ghost being a figment of Hamlets imagination and if Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were really dead were often reflected upon. Tom Stoppard played word games such as verbal volleyball not only to create questioning, but also to make fun of the characters and adding humor to the play. The whole issue behind Rosencrantz and Guildenstern was that they had an identity crisis and in a slap stick sort of way, it became one of the main themes throughout the play. Heads. he picks it up and puts it into his bag. This process is repeated. Heads. Again. Heads. Again. Heads. This is an example of the use of absurd comedy. It is a bunch of nonsense which the author makes humorous. A simple task such as flipping a coin, turns into an ongoing event through the course of the story. In Hamlet, the humor is not as direct as it is in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlets dramatic behavior and his multiple personality is what creates the vague humor. The humor in this play is whether Hamlet is insane and seeing ghosts or if he is withholding the truth of what actually caused his fathers death. The humor also comes in during the production of his play, Mouse Trap. The whole play is a comedic version of his actual life. This not only plays the role in humor, but also in revealing the truth about Old King Hamlet.

Write Your Dissertation Like an Expert!

Write Your Dissertation Like an Expert! Dissertations: What You Have to Know Dissertations are a stressful and tough task to do. But they are manageable, just like other types of academic writing. So stop stressing out. Your committee will feel the insecurity like a shark, and you have to convince them you’ve written an awesome work. But how to do that? These tips may help. You should write strongly and confidently. Use active constructions and reword the sentences to avoid excessive passive voice usage. Also, it is often recommended to stay away from vague wordings. You should place words like ‘mostly’, ‘probably’, etc. with caution. However, do not be arrogant. Write in a respectful tone. Write inside-out. You might find it helpful to write your dissertation inside-out starting from the chapters that hold the main part of you research and then framing them with the sections like introductions and the list of sources. Add abstract. An abstract is a valuable piece of writing. It is a short summary of your work which can give the reader a basic idea of what your dissertation is about. What else to remember You have to make sure you place all the parts of your writing as they are required to be. Most of the dissertations include an introduction, several body chapters, an abstract and other parts. There are other options, as well. Also, it is important to plan your time as you write. This will allow you to make it without a rush and devote as much attention as needed to every stage of work. You have an awesome chance to reach high quality of writing, so do not waste it due to poor time management. The more you read on dissertations, the better your result will be, so do your research before you prepare to work. You have all it takes to make an amazing work, and we believe you can reach the highest results, so time to get ready for it! Go deliberate about your writing preferences and the things you’d like to deliver to the public. Do you know what time it is? It’s time to write an awesome dissertation and present it in order to get a degree you’ve been dreaming of! We hope you do it. Concentrate, plan, and get down to writing.

Issues to consider when a neighborhood may be exposed to Hazardous Case Study

Issues to consider when a neighborhood may be exposed to Hazardous Emissions - Case Study Example "(Sacramento, California Board of Waste Management, 1982) This means that California must either find new land to bury garbage, or develop other means of disposal of waste that does not consume the state, land of the participant. Of paramount importance is the effect of such a facility will have on property values near the site. Business office space and residential land that are at least in vision, hearing, smell, or the distance of the project will likely face a decline in property values. On the other hand, energy from waste facilities in themselves relatively offer few jobs. Theoretically, an installation of waste to energy has a differential impact on the economic community: residents living near the plant to incur decline in property values that outweigh the benefits, while the community on a whole can reap greater economic benefits and suffer little. Health Risks There will always be potential risks to health posed by waste facilities. The problem of leaching eaten leak persis ts. Ash residue from waste to energy facilities may warrant concern. Waste to energy facilities are also a potential risk to health in terms of air pollution. Emissions from a plant can include varying amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matter and other substances for which standards of health have not yet been established. Aesthetic factors The aesthetic impact of such a facility is regularly greater concern for those living near the proposed site or real. Aesthetic factors include installation, appearance of the participant, odor, litter, noise and congestion that accompanies the transport of waste. Although aesthetic factors are the most easily controllable problems faced by technical projects related to waste, they are also the problems that come first in mind, forming the public, AOS immediate impression of the facility. Social perceptions The feeling of being dumped on, seems to be the greatest source of opposition to the proposed conversion of waste into energy. This feeling manifests itself in two separate complaints: the social stigma of living near a waste facility, and the resentment of the host community to serve as a dumping ground for garbage from other communities. Besides the embarrassment of what others will think, residents may detect a nearby site as a recognition of lower social status. Conclusions Although the waste to energy facilities have little in common with hazardous waste sites, the public often does not perceive it that way, as evident in the above literature. Public opposition has become the biggest obstacle to the success of projects sitting Waste-to-Energy in California. Many reasons for this public concern is rooted in past experience with poorly managed waste facilities, landfills, particularly hazardous waste as people in the literature have been experiencing these issues from the past 20 years. Other complaints from the public are not so easily resolved. The most problem atic of those complaints is oriented around the inconveniences and annoyances management facility provides homes nearby. There are methods to reduce the costs imposed on local residences. Unloading 50 trucks a day adds a good amount of waste on the site. Most important, of course, is to select at least one site that offends

Pfizer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Pfizer - Essay Example The company is in a continuous process of investing in the area of healthcare in order to advance the health and wellbeing of the members of the society. In order to meet its mission of advancing health and wellbeing, during the period of 2000 the company opened one of the largest structures throughout the globe and this structure is devoted towards making discovery of new and improved drugs that will be assistive in advancing the health and wellbeing of both animals as well as human beings. This structure is located in the region of Groton, Connecticut where the organization is already operating a highly efficient research comp. With the introduction of this building the company has become one of the first drug development companies to invest more than $4 billion and aims and continuing to increase its investments to develop better products (Pfizer.com(a), 2014). Pfizer’s main aim and objective throughout the course of its existence has been to be involved in the process of continuous improvement in order to develop various therapies that can be helpful in improving the health of patients throughout the world. The company believes that it can only achieve its objectives if it is continuously involved in the process of research and development. They believe that with the help of research and development, the company can identify and then transform up-to-date technological and scientific advancements into remedies that can be of immense importance to patients suffering throughout the world. The president of the company, Mikael Dolsten, who is the president of the company’s Worldwide Research and Development area, believes that the company has experienced a novel situation in the area of innovating biomedicine (Dolsten, 2014). It has been almost over a period of ten years since the human genome experimentation and decoding started taking place and now the

Water and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Water and Sustainability - Essay Example In his analysis of the concept of property, Professor Macpherson is concerned with the profound task of re-evaluating the analytical definition of property by returning it to its historical roots (Macpherson, 1 – 12). Such an approach encourages a new understanding about public or communal property matters that have been of concern to communities and governments within the relatively recent past, challenging human rationality and human control. The problems associated with an equitable distribution of water, which is becoming an increasingly scarce resource of vital importance to all humanity, has the capacity for enlarging perception and challenging the mind in its quest for equitable ways of governance and modes of thinking. This is especially true for the Western United States of America in which most of the land lying west of the 100th meridian of longitude receives less than 20 inches of rain annually (MSN Encarta, â€Å"Water Policy in the American West†). The notion of property presented by Professor Macpherson stipulates that the use of the term property to represent things is a misusage (Harris, Chapter 9). In effect, the concept of property has logical and historical dimensions. The logical dimension associated with the concept of property stipulates that property refers to the right to the use of or to benefit from things. Thus, private property rights extend to exclude others from the use of private property. However, property is not always private in nature and the concept of ‘common property’ prevails whenever resources have been set aside for common use. Thus, the notion of common property can give rise to ‘enforceable claims’ not to be excluded from the use of resources. For common property, it is important to understand property rights within the context of the rights of others people, sometimes all people. Thus, common property must be considered within the context of Hohfeldian relations and priv ileges for property

Impact Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education Use Of Difibrillator Nursing Essay

Impact Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education Use Of Difibrillator Nursing Essay Poor knowledge and skill retention following AED and CPR training for nursing and other medical staff has been observed. Resulting of the increasing of the mortality rate CPR and AED training are important for nursing staff and is important as the nurses often are the first witness for the victim with cardiac arrest in hospital setting. The outcome of teaching approach is necessary to improve the knowledge and skill of the nurses and other medical team that increase the survival rate. Aim The aim of this literature review was to describe teaching approaches for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Method The authors have selected a literature review for this study and key word that used are Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and education, nursing, continuing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, nursing skill and education and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Papers published two month ago since 04-2011 from many sources, such as books and Pubmed database including 10 years period. Those published paper in English language which covers strategies to improve the knowledge and skills of the nurses and other medical staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation using. In addition manual research has been used to get more information. Result There are many different teaching approaches can be used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training such as ; Digital Video Disc without manikin, DVD with manikin with scenario, peer tuition and instructor facilitated methods which the best method. The quality of education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training can be affected by the type of teaching approach which has been used. The education and refreshment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training can enhance skill and knowledge of nursing staff and give self confidence during resuscitation time and in using automated external defibrillation, which can lead to increase the survival rate and improve the quality of patients life. Conclusion Nurses in hospital setting who seldom encounter cardiac arrest, should received automated external defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training to avoid time delays in resuscitation. Staff should be evaluated by using manikin with feedback system and expert instructors to ensure the quality f chest compression are satisfied at the time of training. The availability of resuscitation training equipment in unit and ward can enhance the nursing staff for self education and refresh their skill and knowledge. INTRODUCTION Each year in United States of America there are 325,000 victims of sudden cardiac arrest. The mortality rates due to cardiac arrest are frequently observed in most of emergency situation, which is most often the result of ventricular tachycardia (VT) according to Mosesso, Shapiro, Stein, Burkett, Wang (2009). Moreover, cardiovascular attacks cause one third of all deaths in the world today (Lindstrand, Bergstrà ¶m, Rosling, Rubenson, Stenson Tylleskà ¤r, 2010). The nursing staffs are often the first witness for cardiac arrest in a hospital setting (Dwyer, Mosel, 2002; Gombotz, Weh, Mitterndorfer Rehak, 2006). Moreover, the nurses are more efficient in training of automated external defibrillation (AED) as stated by Xanthos et al.2009. Bardy et al (2008) point out that due to the effectiveness of automated external defibrillation, it becomes recommended in public places such as; public places are: airports, schools, restaurants, planes, and crowded places. Furthermore they recommend that the AED machine is red in color with instructions for use. In spite of the effectiveness of AED in cardiac patients, a better understanding and knowledge about the use of AEDs is required (Hancock, Roebuck, Farrer Campbell, 2006; Martinez-Rubio, et al.2003).Therefore, the authors` see a need to explore how Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) education can enhance and improve nursing skills and knowledge in the use of AED in order to reduce mortality rate in cardiac patients. BACKGROUND Automated external defibrillation www.priceit.in AED is an electronic devise which has two paddles; sternum and apex which can help to deliver the shock to the heart of the patient. This machine has been created and upgraded to convert the VT and Ventricular fibrillation (VF) to sinus normal heart rhythms, which are the most emergency situation that needs immediate medical intervention (Anas, Lee, Hasan, 2010). Moreover AED may be used in hospital setting or out of the hospital setting (Nettina, 2001). Winkle (2010) stated that around 250 000 victims are dying in United States of America every year caused by cardiac arrest 40% are resulting of VF.Therefore medical staff must be aware ,trained in using AED to enhance the quality of life of cardiac arrest patient. However, using this machine needs medical education and knowledge as stated by (Ammirati et al.2011).As mentioned above Brown, Rittenberger, Ammon, Harrington Guyette (2010) stated AED can have affect only in shockable rhythms like VF. Types of automated external defibrillation There are two types of AED: Monophesic which gives (360 joules) and the secound type is Biphasic which gives 150-200 joules (Sraj, 2005). The different between the two types: according to (Sraj, 2005): Feature Monophesic Biphasic Direction of the current Moves in one direction only from paddle Moves in both direction (first positive direction then in milliseconds in a negative direction Joules Form 360 150 (Some machines can go up 200) Potential myocardial damage More damaging less damaging Efficacy 93% in laboratory trails 99% in laboratory trails Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventricular tachycardia is a heart rhythm described as a run of three or more premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, OBrien Bucher, 2007, p. 854). VT clinical association VT occurs with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), cardiomyopathy, significant electrolyte imbalance, mitral valve prolapse, long QT syndrome, some medicine toxicity like digitalis and central nervous system disease. Furthermore, this type of dysrhythmia can be notice in non cardiac patients (Lewis et al, 2007). VT clinical significance Patient with VT may be found with pulse or pulseless and VT if persistent can lead to decrease in Carbon monoxide (CO) due to decreasing of ventricular filling times and loss of atrial contraction. All this finding can lead to several complications which include; hypotension, pulmonary edema, cerebral blood flow will decrease and cardiopulmonary arrest (Lewis et al, 2007). VT treatment This type of dysrhythmia can be treated simply if the causes identified like; electrolyte imbalance and ischemia. If the VT is monomorphic (patient has appearance of all the beats match each other in each lead of a surface electrocardiogram) and patient with pulse, Procaimade, Sotalol, Amiodarone or Lidocaine Intravenous injection (IV) can be used. If the patient in polymorphic (has beat-to-beat variations in morphology) VT with prolonged baseline QT interval Magnesium, Isoprterenol, Lidocaine Intravenous injection can be administer. If the patient has no pulse it must be taken in high priority level emergency case, in this condition CPR and defibrillation are the first line if treatment (Lewis et al, 2007). Ventricular fibrillation (VF) Ventricular fibrillation is described as a heart rhythm witha severe derangement of the rhythm characterized on electrocardiogram (ECG) by irregular undulation of varying shapes and amplitude (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 855). VF clinical association VF can occur in acute myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial ischemic disease like Coronary Artery Disease and cardiomyopathy. Furthermore this type of abnormal heart rhythm can be associated with coronary reperfusion after fibrinolytic therapy. Other VF clinical associations are like electric shock, hypekalemia, drug toxicity and acidosis (Lewis et al, 2007). VF clinical significance Patient with VF can be found unconscious, pulseless and apneic condition and if this type of dysrhythmia not treated immediately and rapidly patient will die (Lewis et al, 2007). VF treatment VF is life-threatening condition and the best treatment for this dysrhythmia is the CPR and Advance Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) with using defibrillation immediately if available (Lewis et al, 2007). Cardiac arrest It is the sudden loss heart function either the victim is diagnosed as a heart disease or not, which occur within minutes after symptoms appear. (American Heart.org.2011). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a combination of oral resuscitation (mouth-to-mouth breathing), which supplies oxygen to the lungs, and external cardiac massage (chest compression), which is intended to normalize cardiac function and blood circulation(Kozier, Erb, Snyder Berman, 2008, P.1419). American Heart Association (2011) has emphasized the updated CPR guidelines for the chest compression rate is rate is 100 compressions per-minute. Defibrillation It is a process of administering the electrical shock to an individual heart for stop any abnormality heart impulse such For VT and restore the normal heart rhythm (Kozier, Erb, Snyder Berman, 2008). Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) It is a program that improves the automated external defibrillator in public facilities (Federal occupational health,2010). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation / automated external defibrillation provider An employee, who has finished or completed training in CPR, in addition has knowledge and understands an AED operation (Sraj, 2005). Chain of survival It is that access which concentrates on the increasing of the survival chance .according to these components: Early access to care (local emergency medical system number) Early CPR. Early defibrillation. Early advance of care. www.circ.ahajournals.org Sequence of actions when nursehealth provider is using an automated external defibrillator These procedures should be following when the patientvictim is unconscious or not breathing Start with calling for help then start with CPR if the AED not available immediately. 1-When the AED arrives: Continue CPR until the AED is switched on in case of more than one rescuer. If you are alone stop CPR and switch on the AED. Follow the voice instruction. Pads attaching to the patientvictim chest (the positive pad is placed on the patientsvictims left chest below the nipple, whereas the negative pads is placed on the victimspatients right upper chest above the nipple to the right from patient s perspective of the sternum). Be sure that no body touches the patientvictim during the AEDis analyzing the rhythm. 2-When the shock is needed: . Be sure that nobody is touching the patientvictim. Push the shock button as instruction Follow the voice instruction. 3-When no shock is needed: Continue CPR using a ratio of 30 compression to 2 rescue breathes Follow the voice instruction. Doing these procedures till the patient starts to regaining consciousness signs such as coughing, movement and breathing or you become tired (Nettina, 2001; Sraj, 2005). Precautions in the use of automated external defibrillation Sraj (2005) has emphasized several precautions which must be taken into consideration by the AEDs operator before using it. Furthermore, these precautions are very important in keeping the operator and the patient in a safe and secure environment. These precautions are; Unresponsiveness The rescuer should check the patients level of consciousness, pulse and any signs of life like moving or coughing. This step is very important step to avoid any problems or misusing of AED. Wet chest Due to water and sweat AED might not be very effective. So In order to get defibrillations effectiveness use the piece of cloth which is kept in the AED kit to dry the chest Moving vehicle Using AED devise needs special care especially during the transportation of the patient. In case of using moving vehicle it may affect AEDs analyzing the heart rhythm which can lead to wrong analysis. Flammable materials Try to avoid using any flammable materials like alcohol and stop any flammable gases like oxygen .using these flammable materials can make fire due to the expected spark from the shock. Chest patches Be close to the patient and scan for any nitroglycerine patches and remove it right away before attaching the AEDs paddles. These patches can make burn to the patients chest. Metal surface Avoid using the metal or any electric conductive surface because the ability of transmitting the shock to the rescuers or any persons nearby. Pacemaker The rescuer should look to the patients chest closely and identify if this patient using pacemaker especially if its implanted one. Try to attach the paddles one to one and have inches distance from the pacemaker to avoid destroying the pacemakers batteries. Age consideration AED is not recommended to be used in children under age of 8 especially in unadjusted energy AEDs. Hands off The users during analyzing the heart rhythm must be hands off to avoid analyzing disturbance. Furthermore the users and any person nearby must be clear before delivering the shock avoiding the transmission of the shock to them. Wireless devices The nearby people they must not use their wireless devices like cell phone and especially during the analyzing heart rhythm and delivering shock process. These devices can cause trouble made by waves interference which may influence the analysis. Education in a clinical setting Education can be defined as a learning opportunity which is planned by an individual or a committee to reach a related objective (Rogers, 2002). One of the main differences between nurse education and education of children in school is, that nurse education is based upon the theory and practice of adult learning. Furthermore, there are different teaching strategies, some of these teaching strategies like; lectures method, (lecturers) are the main instrument in this method. Experiential learning depends on learning result from experience. Last method is pairs exercise in this method the group members are asked to from pairs then work together (Quinn Hughes, 2007). The coordinators and teachers must chose the best teaching strategy accordingly and provide good learning environment to achieve teaching program goals (Quinn Hughes, 2007). McEwen Willss, (2007) have referred to one of the grand theory which is Henderson theory. The Henderson theory is focusing on the important of education for medical team, patient and families that translate to practice and experience to improve the quality of care. If this research has been done in a clinical setting it can enhance the education. Categorization of learning theories McEwen Willss, (2007) have mentioned, that sometime it will come to the nurses mind a question why is it very important to be aware of about the process of learning and to understand learning theories. The importance of understanding learning theories is to describe the process used to get about changes in the way individuals understand information and skills or tasks. Moreover, Bigge Shermis (1999) categorized the learning theories to two categories which are; Behavioral learning theories Behavioral learning theories which depend on behavior response and ignore the feeling, thoughts and cognitive processes of the student. In addition, behavioral learning theories were the first widely used in education and these types of learning theories includes the work of Pavlov, Skinner and others. Furthermore, these types of learning theories persistent in the American educational system in 1959s and 1960s, as well as behavioral learning theories enhance the American educational system in 20th century (McEwen Willss, 2007). Cognitive learning theories Cognitive learning theories which based on the mental processes and activities which go within the student. These type of theories start to get wide thrust in 1960s. Moreover, Jean Piaget is the most important theorists in cognitive science which developed main components of his theory in 1920s (McEwen Willss, 2007). Teaching approach Teaching can be defined most of the time as the facilitation of learning and is passing on to intentional act of communicating information (Bastable, 2003). To achieve this, the teachers must know the learning methods and the individual needs and connect them to instruction (Forrest, 2004). Skill and knowledge Skill is defined as a goal-directed, well organized behavior that is acquired through practice and performed with economy of effort (Proctor Dutta, 1995, p.18). Knowledge can be defined, as set of organized statements of facts or ideas, presenting a reasoned judgment or an experimental result, which is transmitted to others through some communication medium in some systematic form (Bell, 1976, p.175). Up to date, there are a lot of research articles regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation education and use of an automated external defibrillation. Therefore it is important to identify teaching approaches and critically evaluate the effect of the education on skills and knowledge. The effect of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses skill and knowledge Kardong ,Oermann,Odom,Ha (2010) conclude in their article if the nurses used manikin with voice advisory they will be more competent than the nurses how used normal manikin without voice advisory. Furthermore the median number of chest compression before Basic Life Support course was three and so fast, but after BLS training increased to 13 as stated by (Mellor Woollard, 2010). In addition, Madden (2010) found in his study that, the nurses are more confidant and competent in case of cardiac emergency situation after CPR training. AIM The aim of this literature review was to describe teaching approaches for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Research questions Which teaching approaches are used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? What effect has the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` skills in their use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? What effect has the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` knowledge when an automated external defibrillation is used in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? METHOD The method chosen for this study is a literature review with a systematic approach. A literature review is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in context (Polit Beck, 2008, p.757). Literature search The literature search was carried out in PubMed which is a data base that anyone, anywhere in the world with internet access can search for journal articles and permanent resource regardless of your institutional affiliation (Polit Beck, 2008, p.757). MeSH terms are created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). PubMed, works through searching in National Library of Medicine (NLMs) Web site, it helps the researchers to get full text of the articles from biomedical literature and helps to access further links to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2010). The search strategies were made by combining MeSH terms in PubMed and the result of this database search are shown in Table 1. In order to get relevant original articles to this literature review the authors have used Mesh term and limited the research which published in the last 10 years between 2001-2011, English human and any age. Table 1. Database search in Pubmed. Database Key word Identified articles (hits) Abstracts reviewed Articles examined Articles Included Date for search Pubmed 22032011 (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh]) AND Education, Nursing, Continuing[Mesh] 41 41 23 4 Pubmed 22032011 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] nursing skill 22 21 21 4 Pubmed 22032011 (education [Subheading]) AND Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] 725 500 30 11 Key words In this literature review the authors completed this research with the following key words; (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation AND Education, Nursing, Continuing[Mesh], Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] nursing skill and (Education [Subheading]) AND Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh]. Identified original articles had to be published in peer-reviewed journals with an available abstract and had to focus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Furthermore studies on adult, children eight years and older, SVT-VT patients and nurses were included. Non medical people and younger children (less than eight years), patients with pacemaker and refusal of informed consent were excluded, as were studies that did not involve health-care professionals in clinical settings. The primary search yielded 19 original articles of interest. In addition bibliographic searches revealed X articles. The articles are presented in the matrix (Appendix 1). The selected articles were assessed independently by the authors using Appendix 1Sophiahemmet University College classification guide of academic articles and studies regarding quality in both quantitative and qualitative research (Appendix 2). The studies were classified as Randomised controlled trial (RCT), Clinical controlled trial (CCT), Non- controlled study (P), Retrospective study (R) or Qualitative study (Q). Scientific quality of the studies was assessed on a three-grade scale:  high- (I), moderate- (II) or low- (III) quality. The authors` intended to work systematically by highlighting the similar words in the articles e.g., AED, clinical setting, skills and knowledge and discuss on regular basis to compare and discuss responses to the research questions. This literature review content the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in resuscitation situation in hospitals for most of the medical professionals like; doctors, technicians and nursing staff, but the authors will focus on nursing staff avoiding the vagueness of this literature review. Manual search can be defined as finding an original article which has been used in literature review (Polit Beck, 2008). ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The ethical consideration which are so important in this literature review, include the authors must check who is the sponsor of the study because it includes the use of technology Furthermore the authors must assess if the participants in the reviewed studies were informed and consented before they participated, especially in case of patients are involved. Finally, the authors must clarify if these studies have got approval from the ethical committees (Spouse, 2003). RESULTS 19 primary published articles have been reviewed by the authors` in this study which have focused on Teaching approaches used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting and the Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` skills knowledge in their use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Results from the studies are chosen which are relevant to this study`s aim and research questions The selected results from the primary published articles have been categorized under the following headings; Teaching approaches used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting Perkins, Hulme, Bion, (2002) stated in their article that , peer tuition is the one type of teaching approach which depends on peer of tutors with exceptional teaching background and experience by lecture-led CPR training. However, it pointed out that, in spite of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and AED skills performance enhance with peer tuition, knowledge remained the same over the participants. The quality of performance can be improved with audible feedback system (Noordergraaf, et al.2006). Furthermore, if audible feedback system has been used there is significant improvement in skill acquisition and skill retention has been reported that is available in automated external defibrillation (Handley Handley, 2003) Szà ¶gedi , Zrà ­nyi , Betlehem, Ujvà ¡rinà © Tà ³th(2010) defined problem-based learning as one of learning methods which organize the knowledge in clinical setting ,strengthens to motivate the students to learn, enhances clinical reasoning skills, and improve self-directed and continues education. Furthermore they concluded this method is better and more efficient method form the traditional method which is class room during cardiopulmonary education. Moreover this method can enhance and improve the outcome of cardiopulmonary education which can lead to better understanding and skill demonstrating during resuscitation in clinical setting. The other teaching approach which has been emphasized by Bjà ¸rshol, Lindner, Sà ¸reide , Moen Sunde(2009) is manikin and 24-min video instruction during cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. They made a study on hospital employees by distributing 5118 personal manikins.3466 responded to the first questionnaire the result can be seen in table 2 Table 2. Questionnaire administered to all hospital employees before receiving their personal resuscitation manikin. Question Answer Number of replies What is your age? 43 ( ±11) years 3445 What is your gender? Female: 87% 3298 Male: 13% How long ago did you have training in basic life support (BLS)? 15 (8-60) months 3295 Never: 296 How well do you feel that you are trained in BLS (1-5, 1  =  very bad and 5  =  very good)? 3.1 ( ±1.0) 3412 Have you been in a situation where you needed skills in BLS, whether at work or not? Yes, at work: 1121 (33%) 3425 Yes, outside work: 363 (11%) No: 2071 (60%) Altogether 908 replied to second questionnaire which they attended the classroom training the result can seen in table 2 Table 2. Questionnaire to all hospital employees nine months after receiving their personal resuscitation manikin. Question Answer Number of replies Where did you perform the BLS training with your MiniAnne manikin? Hospital meeting room: 908 (65%) 1397 Own dept.: 366 (26%) At home: 73 (5%) Did not participate: 120 (9%) How long ago did you train with your MiniAnne manikin? 39 (26-48) weeks 1184 How well do you feel that you are trained in BLS (1-5, 1  =  very bad and 5  =  very good)? 3.8 ( ±0.8) 1333 How many persons, in addition to yourself, have trained on BLS with your MiniAnne manikin/self-instruction movie? 1 (0-3) 1165 Have you experienced any discomfort using the manikin? Yes: 49 (4%) 1272 No: 1223 (96%) After receiving the participants their personal manikin by six month the result is displayed in table 3 Table 3. Number of study subjects performing different BLS tasks before and six months after BLS training with a personal resuscitation manikin and video instruction (percentages in brackets). The number of correct chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth ventilations are measured for 2  min after initiation of BLS (interquartile range in brackets). Before BLS training, n  =  59 Six months after BLS training, n  =  39 P value Assessed responsiveness 42 (71) 34 (87) 0.02 Opened airways before assessing respiration 10 (17) 17 (44) 0.01 Assessed respiration 42 (71) 28 (72) 0.73 Pulse check 34 (58) 13 (33) 0.02 Called for help before starting BLS 45 (76) 32 (82) 0.61 Correct telephone number for EMS activation 56 (98) 39 (100) Ns Correct compression :ventilation (C:V) ratio 32 (54) 36 (98) Number of correct chest compressions 60 (5-102) 119 (75-150) Number of correct mouth-to-mouth ventilations 3 (0-8) 4 (0-7) 0.23 After finalizing the result by Bjà ¸rshol , Lindner , Sà ¸reide , Moen Sunde(2009) they came to that cardiopulmonary resuscitation training with manikin and video instruction benefit and improve the staff self-confidence and clinical basic life support skill. In other hands using assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation defibrillation (CPR-D) nursing skills and informing the leaders is necessary to give information for kind of education they need seems to improve resuscitation performance (Mà ¤kinen, et al.2007). Spearpoint, Gruber Brett (2009) mentioned in their article that permanent cardiopulmonary education as one of the teaching approaches. Moreover they stated that , The simplicity, continuous and quality of the education on basic life support program are affected on CPR performance and hospitals cardiac arrest through increasing patient discharge and decrease the cardiac arrest. There was study done by Moule , Albarran , Bessant , Brownfield Pollock (2008) in united kingdom comparing two teaching met