Water and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Water and Sustainability - Essay Example In his analysis of the concept of property, Professor Macpherson is concerned with the profound task of re-evaluating the analytical definition of property by returning it to its historical roots (Macpherson, 1 – 12). Such an approach encourages a new understanding about public or communal property matters that have been of concern to communities and governments within the relatively recent past, challenging human rationality and human control. The problems associated with an equitable distribution of water, which is becoming an increasingly scarce resource of vital importance to all humanity, has the capacity for enlarging perception and challenging the mind in its quest for equitable ways of governance and modes of thinking. This is especially true for the Western United States of America in which most of the land lying west of the 100th meridian of longitude receives less than 20 inches of rain annually (MSN Encarta, â€Å"Water Policy in the American West†). The notion of property presented by Professor Macpherson stipulates that the use of the term property to represent things is a misusage (Harris, Chapter 9). In effect, the concept of property has logical and historical dimensions. The logical dimension associated with the concept of property stipulates that property refers to the right to the use of or to benefit from things. Thus, private property rights extend to exclude others from the use of private property. However, property is not always private in nature and the concept of ‘common property’ prevails whenever resources have been set aside for common use. Thus, the notion of common property can give rise to ‘enforceable claims’ not to be excluded from the use of resources. For common property, it is important to understand property rights within the context of the rights of others people, sometimes all people. Thus, common property must be considered within the context of Hohfeldian relations and priv ileges for property

Impact Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education Use Of Difibrillator Nursing Essay

Impact Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education Use Of Difibrillator Nursing Essay Poor knowledge and skill retention following AED and CPR training for nursing and other medical staff has been observed. Resulting of the increasing of the mortality rate CPR and AED training are important for nursing staff and is important as the nurses often are the first witness for the victim with cardiac arrest in hospital setting. The outcome of teaching approach is necessary to improve the knowledge and skill of the nurses and other medical team that increase the survival rate. Aim The aim of this literature review was to describe teaching approaches for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Method The authors have selected a literature review for this study and key word that used are Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and education, nursing, continuing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, nursing skill and education and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Papers published two month ago since 04-2011 from many sources, such as books and Pubmed database including 10 years period. Those published paper in English language which covers strategies to improve the knowledge and skills of the nurses and other medical staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation using. In addition manual research has been used to get more information. Result There are many different teaching approaches can be used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training such as ; Digital Video Disc without manikin, DVD with manikin with scenario, peer tuition and instructor facilitated methods which the best method. The quality of education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training can be affected by the type of teaching approach which has been used. The education and refreshment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation training can enhance skill and knowledge of nursing staff and give self confidence during resuscitation time and in using automated external defibrillation, which can lead to increase the survival rate and improve the quality of patients life. Conclusion Nurses in hospital setting who seldom encounter cardiac arrest, should received automated external defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training to avoid time delays in resuscitation. Staff should be evaluated by using manikin with feedback system and expert instructors to ensure the quality f chest compression are satisfied at the time of training. The availability of resuscitation training equipment in unit and ward can enhance the nursing staff for self education and refresh their skill and knowledge. INTRODUCTION Each year in United States of America there are 325,000 victims of sudden cardiac arrest. The mortality rates due to cardiac arrest are frequently observed in most of emergency situation, which is most often the result of ventricular tachycardia (VT) according to Mosesso, Shapiro, Stein, Burkett, Wang (2009). Moreover, cardiovascular attacks cause one third of all deaths in the world today (Lindstrand, Bergstrà ¶m, Rosling, Rubenson, Stenson Tylleskà ¤r, 2010). The nursing staffs are often the first witness for cardiac arrest in a hospital setting (Dwyer, Mosel, 2002; Gombotz, Weh, Mitterndorfer Rehak, 2006). Moreover, the nurses are more efficient in training of automated external defibrillation (AED) as stated by Xanthos et al.2009. Bardy et al (2008) point out that due to the effectiveness of automated external defibrillation, it becomes recommended in public places such as; public places are: airports, schools, restaurants, planes, and crowded places. Furthermore they recommend that the AED machine is red in color with instructions for use. In spite of the effectiveness of AED in cardiac patients, a better understanding and knowledge about the use of AEDs is required (Hancock, Roebuck, Farrer Campbell, 2006; Martinez-Rubio, et al.2003).Therefore, the authors` see a need to explore how Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) education can enhance and improve nursing skills and knowledge in the use of AED in order to reduce mortality rate in cardiac patients. BACKGROUND Automated external defibrillation www.priceit.in AED is an electronic devise which has two paddles; sternum and apex which can help to deliver the shock to the heart of the patient. This machine has been created and upgraded to convert the VT and Ventricular fibrillation (VF) to sinus normal heart rhythms, which are the most emergency situation that needs immediate medical intervention (Anas, Lee, Hasan, 2010). Moreover AED may be used in hospital setting or out of the hospital setting (Nettina, 2001). Winkle (2010) stated that around 250 000 victims are dying in United States of America every year caused by cardiac arrest 40% are resulting of VF.Therefore medical staff must be aware ,trained in using AED to enhance the quality of life of cardiac arrest patient. However, using this machine needs medical education and knowledge as stated by (Ammirati et al.2011).As mentioned above Brown, Rittenberger, Ammon, Harrington Guyette (2010) stated AED can have affect only in shockable rhythms like VF. Types of automated external defibrillation There are two types of AED: Monophesic which gives (360 joules) and the secound type is Biphasic which gives 150-200 joules (Sraj, 2005). The different between the two types: according to (Sraj, 2005): Feature Monophesic Biphasic Direction of the current Moves in one direction only from paddle Moves in both direction (first positive direction then in milliseconds in a negative direction Joules Form 360 150 (Some machines can go up 200) Potential myocardial damage More damaging less damaging Efficacy 93% in laboratory trails 99% in laboratory trails Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Ventricular tachycardia is a heart rhythm described as a run of three or more premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, OBrien Bucher, 2007, p. 854). VT clinical association VT occurs with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), cardiomyopathy, significant electrolyte imbalance, mitral valve prolapse, long QT syndrome, some medicine toxicity like digitalis and central nervous system disease. Furthermore, this type of dysrhythmia can be notice in non cardiac patients (Lewis et al, 2007). VT clinical significance Patient with VT may be found with pulse or pulseless and VT if persistent can lead to decrease in Carbon monoxide (CO) due to decreasing of ventricular filling times and loss of atrial contraction. All this finding can lead to several complications which include; hypotension, pulmonary edema, cerebral blood flow will decrease and cardiopulmonary arrest (Lewis et al, 2007). VT treatment This type of dysrhythmia can be treated simply if the causes identified like; electrolyte imbalance and ischemia. If the VT is monomorphic (patient has appearance of all the beats match each other in each lead of a surface electrocardiogram) and patient with pulse, Procaimade, Sotalol, Amiodarone or Lidocaine Intravenous injection (IV) can be used. If the patient in polymorphic (has beat-to-beat variations in morphology) VT with prolonged baseline QT interval Magnesium, Isoprterenol, Lidocaine Intravenous injection can be administer. If the patient has no pulse it must be taken in high priority level emergency case, in this condition CPR and defibrillation are the first line if treatment (Lewis et al, 2007). Ventricular fibrillation (VF) Ventricular fibrillation is described as a heart rhythm witha severe derangement of the rhythm characterized on electrocardiogram (ECG) by irregular undulation of varying shapes and amplitude (Lewis et al., 2007, p. 855). VF clinical association VF can occur in acute myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial ischemic disease like Coronary Artery Disease and cardiomyopathy. Furthermore this type of abnormal heart rhythm can be associated with coronary reperfusion after fibrinolytic therapy. Other VF clinical associations are like electric shock, hypekalemia, drug toxicity and acidosis (Lewis et al, 2007). VF clinical significance Patient with VF can be found unconscious, pulseless and apneic condition and if this type of dysrhythmia not treated immediately and rapidly patient will die (Lewis et al, 2007). VF treatment VF is life-threatening condition and the best treatment for this dysrhythmia is the CPR and Advance Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) with using defibrillation immediately if available (Lewis et al, 2007). Cardiac arrest It is the sudden loss heart function either the victim is diagnosed as a heart disease or not, which occur within minutes after symptoms appear. (American Heart.org.2011). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a combination of oral resuscitation (mouth-to-mouth breathing), which supplies oxygen to the lungs, and external cardiac massage (chest compression), which is intended to normalize cardiac function and blood circulation(Kozier, Erb, Snyder Berman, 2008, P.1419). American Heart Association (2011) has emphasized the updated CPR guidelines for the chest compression rate is rate is 100 compressions per-minute. Defibrillation It is a process of administering the electrical shock to an individual heart for stop any abnormality heart impulse such For VT and restore the normal heart rhythm (Kozier, Erb, Snyder Berman, 2008). Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) It is a program that improves the automated external defibrillator in public facilities (Federal occupational health,2010). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation / automated external defibrillation provider An employee, who has finished or completed training in CPR, in addition has knowledge and understands an AED operation (Sraj, 2005). Chain of survival It is that access which concentrates on the increasing of the survival chance .according to these components: Early access to care (local emergency medical system number) Early CPR. Early defibrillation. Early advance of care. www.circ.ahajournals.org Sequence of actions when nursehealth provider is using an automated external defibrillator These procedures should be following when the patientvictim is unconscious or not breathing Start with calling for help then start with CPR if the AED not available immediately. 1-When the AED arrives: Continue CPR until the AED is switched on in case of more than one rescuer. If you are alone stop CPR and switch on the AED. Follow the voice instruction. Pads attaching to the patientvictim chest (the positive pad is placed on the patientsvictims left chest below the nipple, whereas the negative pads is placed on the victimspatients right upper chest above the nipple to the right from patient s perspective of the sternum). Be sure that no body touches the patientvictim during the AEDis analyzing the rhythm. 2-When the shock is needed: . Be sure that nobody is touching the patientvictim. Push the shock button as instruction Follow the voice instruction. 3-When no shock is needed: Continue CPR using a ratio of 30 compression to 2 rescue breathes Follow the voice instruction. Doing these procedures till the patient starts to regaining consciousness signs such as coughing, movement and breathing or you become tired (Nettina, 2001; Sraj, 2005). Precautions in the use of automated external defibrillation Sraj (2005) has emphasized several precautions which must be taken into consideration by the AEDs operator before using it. Furthermore, these precautions are very important in keeping the operator and the patient in a safe and secure environment. These precautions are; Unresponsiveness The rescuer should check the patients level of consciousness, pulse and any signs of life like moving or coughing. This step is very important step to avoid any problems or misusing of AED. Wet chest Due to water and sweat AED might not be very effective. So In order to get defibrillations effectiveness use the piece of cloth which is kept in the AED kit to dry the chest Moving vehicle Using AED devise needs special care especially during the transportation of the patient. In case of using moving vehicle it may affect AEDs analyzing the heart rhythm which can lead to wrong analysis. Flammable materials Try to avoid using any flammable materials like alcohol and stop any flammable gases like oxygen .using these flammable materials can make fire due to the expected spark from the shock. Chest patches Be close to the patient and scan for any nitroglycerine patches and remove it right away before attaching the AEDs paddles. These patches can make burn to the patients chest. Metal surface Avoid using the metal or any electric conductive surface because the ability of transmitting the shock to the rescuers or any persons nearby. Pacemaker The rescuer should look to the patients chest closely and identify if this patient using pacemaker especially if its implanted one. Try to attach the paddles one to one and have inches distance from the pacemaker to avoid destroying the pacemakers batteries. Age consideration AED is not recommended to be used in children under age of 8 especially in unadjusted energy AEDs. Hands off The users during analyzing the heart rhythm must be hands off to avoid analyzing disturbance. Furthermore the users and any person nearby must be clear before delivering the shock avoiding the transmission of the shock to them. Wireless devices The nearby people they must not use their wireless devices like cell phone and especially during the analyzing heart rhythm and delivering shock process. These devices can cause trouble made by waves interference which may influence the analysis. Education in a clinical setting Education can be defined as a learning opportunity which is planned by an individual or a committee to reach a related objective (Rogers, 2002). One of the main differences between nurse education and education of children in school is, that nurse education is based upon the theory and practice of adult learning. Furthermore, there are different teaching strategies, some of these teaching strategies like; lectures method, (lecturers) are the main instrument in this method. Experiential learning depends on learning result from experience. Last method is pairs exercise in this method the group members are asked to from pairs then work together (Quinn Hughes, 2007). The coordinators and teachers must chose the best teaching strategy accordingly and provide good learning environment to achieve teaching program goals (Quinn Hughes, 2007). McEwen Willss, (2007) have referred to one of the grand theory which is Henderson theory. The Henderson theory is focusing on the important of education for medical team, patient and families that translate to practice and experience to improve the quality of care. If this research has been done in a clinical setting it can enhance the education. Categorization of learning theories McEwen Willss, (2007) have mentioned, that sometime it will come to the nurses mind a question why is it very important to be aware of about the process of learning and to understand learning theories. The importance of understanding learning theories is to describe the process used to get about changes in the way individuals understand information and skills or tasks. Moreover, Bigge Shermis (1999) categorized the learning theories to two categories which are; Behavioral learning theories Behavioral learning theories which depend on behavior response and ignore the feeling, thoughts and cognitive processes of the student. In addition, behavioral learning theories were the first widely used in education and these types of learning theories includes the work of Pavlov, Skinner and others. Furthermore, these types of learning theories persistent in the American educational system in 1959s and 1960s, as well as behavioral learning theories enhance the American educational system in 20th century (McEwen Willss, 2007). Cognitive learning theories Cognitive learning theories which based on the mental processes and activities which go within the student. These type of theories start to get wide thrust in 1960s. Moreover, Jean Piaget is the most important theorists in cognitive science which developed main components of his theory in 1920s (McEwen Willss, 2007). Teaching approach Teaching can be defined most of the time as the facilitation of learning and is passing on to intentional act of communicating information (Bastable, 2003). To achieve this, the teachers must know the learning methods and the individual needs and connect them to instruction (Forrest, 2004). Skill and knowledge Skill is defined as a goal-directed, well organized behavior that is acquired through practice and performed with economy of effort (Proctor Dutta, 1995, p.18). Knowledge can be defined, as set of organized statements of facts or ideas, presenting a reasoned judgment or an experimental result, which is transmitted to others through some communication medium in some systematic form (Bell, 1976, p.175). Up to date, there are a lot of research articles regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation education and use of an automated external defibrillation. Therefore it is important to identify teaching approaches and critically evaluate the effect of the education on skills and knowledge. The effect of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses skill and knowledge Kardong ,Oermann,Odom,Ha (2010) conclude in their article if the nurses used manikin with voice advisory they will be more competent than the nurses how used normal manikin without voice advisory. Furthermore the median number of chest compression before Basic Life Support course was three and so fast, but after BLS training increased to 13 as stated by (Mellor Woollard, 2010). In addition, Madden (2010) found in his study that, the nurses are more confidant and competent in case of cardiac emergency situation after CPR training. AIM The aim of this literature review was to describe teaching approaches for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Research questions Which teaching approaches are used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? What effect has the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` skills in their use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? What effect has the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` knowledge when an automated external defibrillation is used in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting? METHOD The method chosen for this study is a literature review with a systematic approach. A literature review is a critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in context (Polit Beck, 2008, p.757). Literature search The literature search was carried out in PubMed which is a data base that anyone, anywhere in the world with internet access can search for journal articles and permanent resource regardless of your institutional affiliation (Polit Beck, 2008, p.757). MeSH terms are created by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). PubMed, works through searching in National Library of Medicine (NLMs) Web site, it helps the researchers to get full text of the articles from biomedical literature and helps to access further links to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2010). The search strategies were made by combining MeSH terms in PubMed and the result of this database search are shown in Table 1. In order to get relevant original articles to this literature review the authors have used Mesh term and limited the research which published in the last 10 years between 2001-2011, English human and any age. Table 1. Database search in Pubmed. Database Key word Identified articles (hits) Abstracts reviewed Articles examined Articles Included Date for search Pubmed 22032011 (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh]) AND Education, Nursing, Continuing[Mesh] 41 41 23 4 Pubmed 22032011 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] nursing skill 22 21 21 4 Pubmed 22032011 (education [Subheading]) AND Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] 725 500 30 11 Key words In this literature review the authors completed this research with the following key words; (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation AND Education, Nursing, Continuing[Mesh], Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh] nursing skill and (Education [Subheading]) AND Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation[Mesh]. Identified original articles had to be published in peer-reviewed journals with an available abstract and had to focus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to the use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Furthermore studies on adult, children eight years and older, SVT-VT patients and nurses were included. Non medical people and younger children (less than eight years), patients with pacemaker and refusal of informed consent were excluded, as were studies that did not involve health-care professionals in clinical settings. The primary search yielded 19 original articles of interest. In addition bibliographic searches revealed X articles. The articles are presented in the matrix (Appendix 1). The selected articles were assessed independently by the authors using Appendix 1Sophiahemmet University College classification guide of academic articles and studies regarding quality in both quantitative and qualitative research (Appendix 2). The studies were classified as Randomised controlled trial (RCT), Clinical controlled trial (CCT), Non- controlled study (P), Retrospective study (R) or Qualitative study (Q). Scientific quality of the studies was assessed on a three-grade scale:  high- (I), moderate- (II) or low- (III) quality. The authors` intended to work systematically by highlighting the similar words in the articles e.g., AED, clinical setting, skills and knowledge and discuss on regular basis to compare and discuss responses to the research questions. This literature review content the cardiopulmonary resuscitation education in relation to acquired skills and knowledge in the use of an automated external defibrillation in resuscitation situation in hospitals for most of the medical professionals like; doctors, technicians and nursing staff, but the authors will focus on nursing staff avoiding the vagueness of this literature review. Manual search can be defined as finding an original article which has been used in literature review (Polit Beck, 2008). ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The ethical consideration which are so important in this literature review, include the authors must check who is the sponsor of the study because it includes the use of technology Furthermore the authors must assess if the participants in the reviewed studies were informed and consented before they participated, especially in case of patients are involved. Finally, the authors must clarify if these studies have got approval from the ethical committees (Spouse, 2003). RESULTS 19 primary published articles have been reviewed by the authors` in this study which have focused on Teaching approaches used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting and the Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education on nurses` skills knowledge in their use of an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting. Results from the studies are chosen which are relevant to this study`s aim and research questions The selected results from the primary published articles have been categorized under the following headings; Teaching approaches used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation education when nurses use an automated external defibrillation in a cardiac arrest situation in a clinical setting Perkins, Hulme, Bion, (2002) stated in their article that , peer tuition is the one type of teaching approach which depends on peer of tutors with exceptional teaching background and experience by lecture-led CPR training. However, it pointed out that, in spite of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and AED skills performance enhance with peer tuition, knowledge remained the same over the participants. The quality of performance can be improved with audible feedback system (Noordergraaf, et al.2006). Furthermore, if audible feedback system has been used there is significant improvement in skill acquisition and skill retention has been reported that is available in automated external defibrillation (Handley Handley, 2003) Szà ¶gedi , Zrà ­nyi , Betlehem, Ujvà ¡rinà © Tà ³th(2010) defined problem-based learning as one of learning methods which organize the knowledge in clinical setting ,strengthens to motivate the students to learn, enhances clinical reasoning skills, and improve self-directed and continues education. Furthermore they concluded this method is better and more efficient method form the traditional method which is class room during cardiopulmonary education. Moreover this method can enhance and improve the outcome of cardiopulmonary education which can lead to better understanding and skill demonstrating during resuscitation in clinical setting. The other teaching approach which has been emphasized by Bjà ¸rshol, Lindner, Sà ¸reide , Moen Sunde(2009) is manikin and 24-min video instruction during cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. They made a study on hospital employees by distributing 5118 personal manikins.3466 responded to the first questionnaire the result can be seen in table 2 Table 2. Questionnaire administered to all hospital employees before receiving their personal resuscitation manikin. Question Answer Number of replies What is your age? 43 ( ±11) years 3445 What is your gender? Female: 87% 3298 Male: 13% How long ago did you have training in basic life support (BLS)? 15 (8-60) months 3295 Never: 296 How well do you feel that you are trained in BLS (1-5, 1  =  very bad and 5  =  very good)? 3.1 ( ±1.0) 3412 Have you been in a situation where you needed skills in BLS, whether at work or not? Yes, at work: 1121 (33%) 3425 Yes, outside work: 363 (11%) No: 2071 (60%) Altogether 908 replied to second questionnaire which they attended the classroom training the result can seen in table 2 Table 2. Questionnaire to all hospital employees nine months after receiving their personal resuscitation manikin. Question Answer Number of replies Where did you perform the BLS training with your MiniAnne manikin? Hospital meeting room: 908 (65%) 1397 Own dept.: 366 (26%) At home: 73 (5%) Did not participate: 120 (9%) How long ago did you train with your MiniAnne manikin? 39 (26-48) weeks 1184 How well do you feel that you are trained in BLS (1-5, 1  =  very bad and 5  =  very good)? 3.8 ( ±0.8) 1333 How many persons, in addition to yourself, have trained on BLS with your MiniAnne manikin/self-instruction movie? 1 (0-3) 1165 Have you experienced any discomfort using the manikin? Yes: 49 (4%) 1272 No: 1223 (96%) After receiving the participants their personal manikin by six month the result is displayed in table 3 Table 3. Number of study subjects performing different BLS tasks before and six months after BLS training with a personal resuscitation manikin and video instruction (percentages in brackets). The number of correct chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth ventilations are measured for 2  min after initiation of BLS (interquartile range in brackets). Before BLS training, n  =  59 Six months after BLS training, n  =  39 P value Assessed responsiveness 42 (71) 34 (87) 0.02 Opened airways before assessing respiration 10 (17) 17 (44) 0.01 Assessed respiration 42 (71) 28 (72) 0.73 Pulse check 34 (58) 13 (33) 0.02 Called for help before starting BLS 45 (76) 32 (82) 0.61 Correct telephone number for EMS activation 56 (98) 39 (100) Ns Correct compression :ventilation (C:V) ratio 32 (54) 36 (98) Number of correct chest compressions 60 (5-102) 119 (75-150) Number of correct mouth-to-mouth ventilations 3 (0-8) 4 (0-7) 0.23 After finalizing the result by Bjà ¸rshol , Lindner , Sà ¸reide , Moen Sunde(2009) they came to that cardiopulmonary resuscitation training with manikin and video instruction benefit and improve the staff self-confidence and clinical basic life support skill. In other hands using assessment of cardiopulmonary resuscitation defibrillation (CPR-D) nursing skills and informing the leaders is necessary to give information for kind of education they need seems to improve resuscitation performance (Mà ¤kinen, et al.2007). Spearpoint, Gruber Brett (2009) mentioned in their article that permanent cardiopulmonary education as one of the teaching approaches. Moreover they stated that , The simplicity, continuous and quality of the education on basic life support program are affected on CPR performance and hospitals cardiac arrest through increasing patient discharge and decrease the cardiac arrest. There was study done by Moule , Albarran , Bessant , Brownfield Pollock (2008) in united kingdom comparing two teaching met

cause of world war Essay -- essays research papers

Cause of World War I Unlike World War II, the causes of World War I are not as clear cut. Historians say the war had been building up for some time prior to 1914. The "Great War" was not caused by megalomaniacs hungry for power as in the case of Mussolini and Hitler during World War II. The origins are more complex. First one is the alliance Systems The causes can be explained, more in political terms than human terms. From the end of the Franco-Prussian War, a system of secret alliances developed in Europe. This eventually split the continent into two hostile sides. Because so many different powers were involved in mutual defense agreements, when the war did happen, it involved nearly every country of Europe. Due to the alliances, some powers were forced to support policies followed by their partners, which they didn't really condone. Lastly, the secret alliances led to suspicion and the belief that far more secret agreements existed, then was in fact, the case. Secondly competition The competition for colonies was another source of international antagonism. The great powers sectioned off Africa among them, established spheres of influence in China and sought protectorates elsewhere. Sooner or later this rush to appropriate new territories was bound to spark disagreements over boundaries of control. Thirdly, militarism All the countries within the hostile camps were building large armies and navies during the pre-war ...

In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck explores the idea of the American dream Essay

The story’ Of Mice and Men’ is a novella written by John Steinbeck. Although Steinbeck writes the story in the late 1930’s, he sets it in California, Soledad, while the Great Depression was being taking place in America, which followed the Stock Market collapse of 1929, and the Californian farmers had little money to spare to pay these itinerant workers. This caused millions of workers to lose their jobs, which lead to poverty and unemployment. A lot of men could not find work and there families suffered evection and starvation. Steinbeck witnessed the hardship around him and his great novels including ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ and ‘Cannery Row’ these novels describe life during the Great Depression. ‘Of Mice and Men’ shows how there were a shortage of work and describe the lives of two itinerant workers, George and Lennie. George and lennie are the two main characters in the book, and showed the relationship between the two friends. George was small and restless; he had a dark face with restless eyes and sharp strong features. He was bright, quick and clever who looks after the mentally disabled strong ‘Lennie’. Lennie has a child’s mind and is very childlike by wanting to feel soft things. His body is immensely strong and has never learnt how to control his body strength. He is described in terms of an animal because of his strength â€Å"dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paw.† George and Lennie are both workers, moving from ranch-to-ranch searching for jobs in Soledad, which is the Spanish for ‘lonely’. In spite of this each worker has a â€Å"dream†. George and lennie like all workers have had a dream too, †to live off the fatta the lan†, George and Lennie’s dream was to have a farm and then to do their own thing were no-one can allow to push them around or tell them what to do. All men had a dream similar to this, to own a piece of land of there own, this was something on all workers mind, which kept them going. However the novella ends in tragedy. Steinbeck introduces the main characters, George and Lennie early in the book. It is Friday evening and they are on their way to the ranch in Soledad. When the bus driver drops them off, he doesn’t really care. They are shown as victims of society from the beginning of the book, where George and Lennie wanted to be dropped off at the ranch were the bus driver then made them walk ten miles when he said the bus doesn’t go round that end, and while the were walking the saw the bus go by which made George very mad. Steinbeck writes that â€Å"two men emerged from the path and came to the green pool† this is the pool of the Salinas River where the novel starts and ends. The two men are described as complete opposites. Lennie was a big man, but had a mind of a child, which he was mentally disabled. George is like a father to him, George expresses Steinbeck’s attitude towards Lennie as a compassionate and sympathetic person. George and Lennie’s relationship is of friendship and dependence, although they both depend of each other; it seems at first as if Lennie totally depends on George, this is shown when Lennie panics because he thinks he has lost his work card and his bus tickets he says: † George, I aint got mine, I musta lost it† where as there relationship is like a parents child relationship. Through the first paragraph George starts telling Lennie about the future and what they want. He tells Lennie in a child like way of that they want to â€Å"live off the fatta the lan†, with a garden and were Lennie can tend the rabbits. Lennie likes hearing this; it’s like a favorite story where he knows all the words off by heart. In ‘Of Mice and Men’ Steinbeck explores the idea of the American dream. This idea is still prevalent today where people still have a dream, to do something and it basically means that anybody can ‘make it big’ in America. This is based on equality and independence and put forward the idea that everybody can get rich, is free and equal regardless of religion, race or country of origin, and also the American dream promises the freedom from persecution. In order to achieve the dream, you have to work hard. Each character had a dream: Curley’s dream was to just be stronger than anyone. Which he shows his aggressive behavior towards those weaker than himself. Curley’s wife wants to be a film star, which her dream can’t happen as she is married to Curley where he doesn’t allow her to do or speak to anyone apart from himself. It shows that the marriage has failed, maybe, as he can’t satisfy her emotionally or physically. Due to her loneliness she try’s to seek attention with other men and can’t escape from the sexual image of what other men have of her. Because of the circumstances of her own isolation she therefore cultivates this image as a means of getting noticed, to talk to someone. Candy wants to work on his own land and no one to push him around. Crooks is the only black person on the ranch his dream was also to have his own ranch and no one to tell him what to do and to have no racist comments. So for the ranch workers to get this life they will have to work very hard. However for George and Lennie the dream could only ever be a dream. They want to believe in its reality but it is only ever ‘wishful thinking’. George and Lennie’s dream is all to do with having freedom, to not have to be ‘canned’ to not work on days they didn’t want to. They wanted to work in a place and live in a place that is cosy and have of food. And Lennie’s dream is to ‘live off the fatta the lan’ and tend rabbits and other creatures and have a comfortable, rich life where they can have there own independence, but Lennie is volatile, violent, huge and strong. Lennie constantly gets them into trouble, for example: we are first introduced George and Lennie when they flee from weed.† Where Lennie was accused of rape but really didn’t do anything, as he only grabbed the ladies dress to feel the softness of it. There are number of things to suggest the dream is only ever fantasy. Another thing to support this is that they wanted to re-create happier times when they were younger and part of a family Lennie describes his childhood with aunt Clara†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I remember a lady, she gave we mice†. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck shows how the badly the workers were treated in the Great Depression they were at mercy of cruel bosses, which in this state in the book was Curley as he was the boss’s son. One key aspect of their dream is that George and Lennie fantasize about better working condition ‘of not getting canned’. One thing Steinbeck explains is the basic needs of companionship, loyalty and having something to look forward to, as without any hope of doing something there’s nothing to look forward to, and nothing to live for. The notion of all the characters in the novella being lonely victims is emphasized. They all have dreams one character in the book is Candy, he is a nice fella, he had lost his right hand in a farm accident and is reduced work of a ranch’swamper’. Candy has a dog that he is devoted to. The other ranch worker despite the dog, as he is old and smells very bad, so they confront Candy to let it out of his misery by shooting the dog, this illustrates the harshness of the relationships and the environment of which Steinbeck describes. It also predicts the end of the novel It is only because of Candy’s offer to join George and Lennie in their dream to buy a ranch that it becomes a possibility of fulfilling their dream. As he said â€Å"s’pose I went in with you guys†. â€Å"They fell into a silence. They looked at on another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true†. Steinbeck’s portrayal of Lennie is always compassionate but realistic. He is described in terms of an animal because of his strength. â€Å"Lennie dabbled his paw† He shows a victim of mental disabilities who cannot cope in harsh, unfriendly world. The society of the 1930’s did not make allowance for the mentally ill. George cares for Lennie but is manipulated by him. Lennie has a huge amount of strength and cannot control himself. He has a tendency to panic, which creates a problem like when he broke Curley’s arm as he was trying to struggle out Lennie held on tighter. Lennie never leaves a sight off George but when he is away he tend to get into trouble. Lennie is cunning and aware of this in another sense, and does not and cannot learn from his mistakes and is victim. Another time where he panics was the killing of Curley’s wife he didn’t mean it he just wanted to feel her hair, he is also selfish in ways as he ended up killing her as she was screaming, and all because that George may tell him off and not let him tend the rabbits. In conclusion the only person who achieves their dream is Lennie, as he dies thinking about their dream where George was reciting it to him at the Salinas River, before he dies knowing that the dream was in his mind. Steinbeck successfully shows the working life of that time and the dreams, of what everyone wanted to be ‘to have a rich, and relaxed life’, which people still have that dream today. Steinbeck’s sympathy and compassion for the characters, evident his storytelling is on their side. The title ‘Of mice and Men’ links to the poem ‘To a Mouse’ by Robert burns, he said ‘†¦the best laid schemes o’ mice and men, gang aft agley’. And means ‘no matter how well we may plan the future things often go wrong’. And this is where Steinbeck chose this as a title. Steinbeck’s style is very good and adapts to his subject matter, imagery and dialogue. He tells this story in a convincing way without explaining in detail why everything happened and that it was nobody’s fault in particular events and why they turned out as they did.

Child Development Essay

1.2 Research holistic development and write an account about your understanding of this, giving examples of how different aspects of development can affect one another. Holistic development means that each area is dependent on the other to make sure the child develops to their full potential. Development is split into different areas, Physical, social, emotional, language and intellectual. Still each area must connect in order for the child to develop. For example a child may be intellectual but not be able to tie his shoe laces. This is not because the child is incapable of tying his shoes lace but that he has not had to practice the physical skill. Another example is a child needs to wear glasses for school (physical) and other children tease him for wearing glasses which in turn could lower his self-esteem (emotional). This may lead to him being isolated from friends as he cannot deal with the teasing (social), he then may stop wearing his glasses to become accepted by his peers. As a result of this he will be unable to see clearly which could affect his school work (intellectual). 2.1 Research the influences that can affect children’s development. Background: There are different things that can affect child’s development in their background. A family break up can be really stressful for a child and can influence development as they can get very upset. The child could react in different ways by either lashing out, going very quiet or could even stop eating and talking as they feel they could feel responsible for their parents break up. As well as a break up effecting a child’s development, a child’s parent getting a new partner can be also as effective. They may not like the new partner and again can lead to them being aggressive going quiet or not eating. A massive influence in a child’s development would be if there was bereavement in the family as the child does not fully understand why that person is no longer in their life and can again cause all of the above reactions. Health Proper nutrition can have a direct impact on a child’s development both physically and psychologically. Appropriate nutrition is related to functional outcomes for children as they get older. In other words, unhealthy eating can lead to weight gain and other negative effects if the child does not learn how to eat healthy early in life. It is stressed that it is the increased duration and intensity of the exposures to healthy eating habits, through both hands-on learning and leading by example, that really make a positive impact on a child’s development. Environment Children who are surrounded, both at home and at school/daycare facilities, by a strong learning environment that is both informative and supportive may improve their development. A child’s environment – for example, his family or school – plays a huge part in his development. Simply stated, a nurtured child will do better than a deprived child. That may seem like common sense, but you may not realize the little things that make a difference. Some assume that a rich privileged child will automatically thrive more than a child living in poverty. That is not always the case. 2.2 Write an account about the importance of recognizing and responding to concerns in children’s development. Give examples of cases you are aware of. The following things would cause concern about a child or young person’s development. If the problem was left untreated then things could get worse, and a delay in treatment could mean that the outcome is not as good as it would have been if treatment was started earlier. If a child or young person does not talk to anyone or even only speaks a few words compared to others, this may cause concern. This would socially affect the child or young person’s because they would find it hard to make friends, work in groups or even interact with adults. It would also affect their communicational development because they would find it hard to speak to people and also may find it hard to listen to instructions. Early intervention would be the best way to respond to this concern, the first step would be to have the child or young person’s hearing checked because if they have poor hearing they will find it hard to hear people so will not want to communicate with others in case they get something wrong. Poor reading and writing is also another thing to look for. If a child or young person has difficulties with their reading and writing it may cause concern, but this may not be noticeable until the child is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should have learnt how letters are formed and begin to string words together. These are the main skills a child needs to help them develop in all areas. Due to poor reading and writing the child or young person will start to fall behind his peers of the same age. They may find it difficult to interact or make friends with others who are more advanced than them, in case they are bullied etc. They would struggle with their intellectual development not only with the reading and writing, but they would struggle with their memory and even their concentration. 3.2 Research and identify other transitions that only some children may experience through life, for example bereavement. Most children may experience transitions; transitions can be long term or short term. Some transitions that most children may experience are likely to be, starting school or changing from one school to another. Some families may move house several times throughout their lives this can affect a child in that they have to try and make new friends and get use to the area in which they will be living. Children and young people have to make very many of their transitions without prior personal experience, and it can sometimes appear to them as a daunting list of ‘firsts’: first day at school; first exam. Most of these changes are dealt with well by most children and young people, as and when they are ready. The experience they gain and the skills they learn in the process equip them to deal with the challenges of life ahead. The diverse range of transitions faced by children and young people includes: †¢ starting or moving school †¢ puberty †¢ bereavement †¢ parents splitting up †¢ illness (their own or a parent’s or sibling’s) †¢ changing friendship groups †¢ entry to, or leaving, a pupil referral unit †¢ moving through child health services into adult services †¢ coming out as gay or lesbian †¢ leaving home. Young people and children will need help and support from peers and adults to successfully make the transition to the next stage in their life. The nature and timing and giver of the support will vary depending on the individual’s needs and circumstances. Bereavement-the death of a close friend or relative may be very traumatic for a child, when it comes to times of change and transitions you should give children every opportunity to talk about what is going to happen and how they feel. 3.3 Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young people’s behavior and development. Children and young people naturally pass through a number of stages as they grow and develop. Often, they will also be expected to cope with changes such as movement from primary to secondary school and, for children with disabilities or chronic ill health, from children’s to adults’ services. Such changes are commonly referred to as transitions. Some children may have to face very particular and personal transitions not necessarily shared or understood by all their peers. These include: family illness or the death of a close relative; divorce and family break-up; issues related to sexuality; adoption; the process of asylum; disability; parental mental health; and the consequences of crime. It is important to understand a child or young person in the context of their life, to recognise and understand the impact of any transitions they may be going through.

The SLOSS Debate in Conservation

The SLOSS Debate in Conservation One of the most heated controversies in conservation history is known as the SLOSS Debate. SLOSS stands for Single Large or Several Small and refers to two different approaches to land conservation in order to protect biodiversity in a given region. The single large approach favors one sizeable, contiguous land reserve. The several small approach favors multiple smaller reserves of land whose total areas equal that of a large reserve. Area determination of either is based on the type of habitat and species involved. New Concept Spurs Controversy In 1975, an American scientist named Jared Diamond proposed the landmark idea that a single large land reserve would be more beneficial in terms of species richness and diversity than several smaller reserves. His claim was based on his study of a book called The Theory of Island Biogeography by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson. Diamonds assertion was challenged by ecologist Daniel Simberloff, a former student of E.O. Wilson, who noted that if several smaller reserves each contained unique species, then it would be possible for smaller reserves to harbor even more species than a single large reserve. Habitat Debate Heats Up Scientists Bruce A. Wilcox and Dennis L. Murphy responded to an article by Simberloff in The American Naturalist journal by arguing that habitat fragmentation (caused by human activity or environmental changes) poses the most critical threat to global biodiversity. Contiguous areas, the researchers asserted, are not only beneficial to communities of interdependent species, they are also more likely to support populations of species that occur at low population densities, particularly large vertebrates. Harmful Effects of Habitat Fragmentation According to the National Wildlife Federation, terrestrial or aquatic habitat fragmented by roads, logging, dams, and other human developments may not be large or connected enough to support species that need a large territory in which to find mates and food. The loss and fragmentation of habitat make it difficult for migratory species to find places to rest and feed along their migration routes. When habitat is fragmented, mobile species that retreat into smaller reserves of habitat can end up crowded, increasing competition for resources and disease transmission. The Edge Effect In addition to interrupting contiguity and decreasing the total area of available habitat, fragmentation also magnifies the edge effect, resulting from an increase in the edge-to-interior ratio. This effect negatively impacts species that are adapted to interior habitats because they become more vulnerable to predation and disturbance. No Simple Solution The SLOSS Debate spurred aggressive research into the effects of habitat fragmentation, leading to conclusions that the viability of either approach may depend on the circumstances. Several small reserves may, in some cases, be beneficial when indigenous species extinction risk is low. On the other hand, single large reserves may be preferable when extinction risk is high. In general, however, the uncertainty of extinction risk estimates leads scientists to prefer the established habitat integrity and security of a single larger reserve. Reality Check Kent Holsinger, Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Connecticut, contends, This whole debate seems to have missed the point. After all, we put reserves where we find species or communities that we want to save. We make them as large as we can, or as large as we need to protect the elements of our concern. We are not usually faced with the optimization choice poised in the [SLOSS] debate. To the extent we have choices, the choices we face are more like †¦ how small an area can we get away with protecting and which are the most critical parcels?

Multiculturalism Essay Example

Multiculturalism Essay Example Multiculturalism Essay Multiculturalism Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Multiculturalism Multiculturalism is brought by the existence of multiple cultures in a society. Every culture has different practices, but it is possible to have common practices in different cultures. Multiple cultures are brought by immigration of people. The different cultures are expected to coexist in the same society and live harmoniously. Multiple cultures have both positive and negative effects on the people. It has brought the introduction of homogeneity, where groups of people adopt practices from different cultures. They do not identify themselves with any culture since they have borrowed from many cultures. According to my observation, it is agreeable to say that people are a product of multiple cultures. People of different culture living in the same society have influenced each other in many ways. Global changes have also contributed to changes in cultural practices. The new technologies, as well as policies in different countries, have enabled people’s exposure to different cultures. For example, trade policies enable people from different cultures to interact and exchange knowledge. Traveling makes people visit new places where they learn different cultural practices. I feel I am a product of multiple cultures in different ways. In my learning institution, there are many students from different cultures. They have taught me many things in various aspects. My friends come are from diverse cultures and they have introduced me to many practices in their cultures. It is a brilliant idea to borrow from other cultures because their practices may be a solution to some of my problems. For instance, I have a friend whose culture believes in consuming vegetables. My friend has a lot of knowledge on various types of vegetables, and he assisted me to choose the most nutritious ones. Another friend comes from France and is proficient in French language. He assists me to learn French and soon I will be multilingual. We form study groups and assist each other with course work. I have learnt many effective study habits form my friends. It has even been reflected in my school results. I have improved in the way I understand concepts in class. For example, I learnt that it is essential to ask questions after the teacher is through with the lecture. It does not only help me but also other students to learn more. Being an Arab, I have always believed my religion is the only right one. After interacting with other people from different cultures, I have learnt to accept and respect other religions. I was made to understand that people have the freedom to join any religion. It is unethical to criticize other religious and assume mine is superior. Multiple cultures have influenced me to respect other cultures and practices. I have also noticed some foreign students have converted to different religions because of multiple culture influence. Other people have persuaded them to join those religions, and they have accepted. Multiple cultures enhance cohesion in the community. I have learnt to live with other ethnic groups in harmony. Initially, I had negative perception about some cultural groups. After living in a community with diverse people, I have changed my attitude and towards people. Mainly, I had a problem with other races. Dubai has many immigrants from African, Asian, South American and other countries. I feared they would control the country and overthrow the government. Today, I have come to realize that they are beneficial to the state in many ways. I appreciate their contribution in all the aspects they have helped improve. I have an interest in traveling, and I have visited many places outside Dubai. For instance, I have visited United States of America with my family. During the visit, we stayed with American families who shared many ideas about their cultures. My mother learnt how to cook different meals. I ate new snacks like burgers and pizza. These foods do not belong in cultural Arabian foods. They were introduced by the western culture in Dubai. Today, my mother prepares some of the foods she learnt, and they have become part of my family’s culture. The internet has significantly changed people’s ways of life and beliefs. This is mainly observed in young people because they have fully embraced the new technology. The internet contains all sorts of information about different topics. Social networks are being used as a medium of interacting, and this is an opportunity for people to exchange cultural practices. I belong to several social sites, and I have made friends with people from all over the world. By chatting and other forms of communication, we have learnt ideas from each other. Computer technology has changed by culture of learning and doing research. Initially, I only used physical libraries and books used in class. It was difficult to carry out research because I had to consume a lot of time looking for relevant books. Today, I just use my laptop to search any topic from the internet. It has a broad database of rich information in almost all the topics. I can also access electronic books and save time looking for them physically. The lecturers have an easy time marking essays because there is software to assist them. Apart from positive influence, there has been negative influence. The greatest negative influence is from the media. Many movies have several negative themes. According to Arab religion, people are expected to remain chaste until they are married. Contemporary movies are encouraging young people against these values. I am among some of the students who have acquired a more liberal perception to life. This is a choice that I have to make on my own. Some people from foreign countries came to introduce unacceptable practices in the community. For instance, in Jamaica there is the culture of consuming Cannabis sativa. Immigrants from that country have introduced it to others. There are other hard drugs, which have been introduced into the country because of having multiple cultures. People have made it a business to sell these illegal drugs, and they are making money. The government has a hard time trying to fight these illegal practices. Another notable change is the music I like. Western music has taken over local music and people seem to enjoy it more than local music. I like listening to hip-hop, jazz and classical music among other categories. I only listen to local music occasionally. With all the changes that have happened, I feel I am a product of multiple cultures.

Whats a Bad ACT Score Nationally and By College

What's a Bad ACT Score Nationally and By College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you taken the ACT recently? Do you think you did badly? Or maybe you’re just wondering what the minimum score you need to get into college is. We will explain what a bad ACT score is, both in terms of the national averages and colleges you want to go to. Nationally, What’s a Bad ACT Score? If you look at the ACT percentiles, any composite score below 20 (the 50th percentile) is below average. (For more on how the ACT is scored and how the composite is calculated, see our guide.) In other words, to be above average nationally, you need at least a 21 ACT composite score. Any composite 16 or lower is in the bottom 25%. If you score below 16 or lower on the ACT, your score is definitely in the very low range nationwide. What Do Colleges Think Is a Bad Score? Your percentile rank is important, since it compares you to every other high school student who has taken the ACT. But it’s actually more important to think about what your score means in terms of the colleges you want to attend. After all, you take the ACT to get into college! If you’re above a college’s average ACT score range, even if your score seems low nationally, then your admissions chances aren’t compromised. On the flip side, you could have an ACT score that looks great nationally – say the 90th percentile, a 28 composite – but is far below the ranges of selective colleges like the Ivy Leagues, Stanford, and MIT. So it’s much more important to consider scores in context of your target colleges, rather than just the national percentiles. Let’s explore what a bad ACT score might look like at highly selective, selective, and less selective colleges. What’s a Bad ACT Score for the Most Selective Schools? If you’re aiming for the most selective schools – like Harvard, Stanford, Princeton, Yale, MIT – most scores that aren't considered amazing at the national level will be seen as low. For example, at Stanford, the middle 50% range for the ACT Composite is 31-34, which is between the 97th and 99th percentile nationally. Additionally, since these top tier schools often turn away applicants with scores in range, it’s best to aim for the top 50% of admitted student scores, not just to be within the middle 50% range. In fact, being in the lower end of score ranges can lower your chance of admission by half of the usual admission rate. For example, if the normal admission rate is 10% and you're at the 25th percentile for that college, it can lower your chance of admission to 5% or lower. So you shouldn’t just aim to break a 31 composite if you're set on a top school. Your ACT composite should be 33 or higher – in the 99th percentile nationally – to be very competitive at Stanford or other top colleges. And the closer you can get to 36, the more you will stand out. (Read more abouthow many students get a 36 ACT every year and how their admissions chances are improved.) So to recap, any ACT score below 33 will lower your chances at the most selective schools. And any score below a 30 is decidedly low for top colleges. What’s a Bad ACT Score for Selective Schools? Once you’re out of the top 15, a â€Å"bad† ACT score for a school is anything below their middle 50% ACT range. We say â€Å"bad† not because the score is necessarily bad on a national scale, but because it could lower your chances of admission at certain schools. Let’s look at NYU as an example. It’s a top 50 school, with an ACT middle 50% range between 28 and 32. That means a bad ACT score for NYU would be anything below 28. It’s still possible you would get in, but much less likely. Even though 28 is very strong nationally – it’s in the 90th percentile! – you need to get to that score or higher to be competitive at NYU. But the threshold for â€Å"bad† will vary by school, so definitely look up the ranges of schools you are interested in using our guide below. What’s a Bad ACT Score for My Local State School? When you are applying to large local universities or less-selective colleges (colleges that admit more than half of applicants), the ACT score ranges are often much more forgiving. As an example, let’s take a look at California State Long Beach. Their ACT middle 50% range is between 20 and 25. Fun fact: that giant pyramid is called the Walter Pyramid and is used for athletic events at CSU Long Beach. This score range is between the 50th and 80th percentile nationally. So you could get an average ACT score but still be competitive for admission at CSU Long Beach. In other words, many schools are more forgiving of an average ACT score. If you’re mainly applying to schools in this range, you won’t have to stress quite as much about studying! How To Find a College’s Score Ranges To see what any college’s ACT score ranges are, you just have to do a quick search online. Here at PrepScholar, we’ve compiled the ACT score ranges – as well as GPA averages and overall admissions rate – for colleges and universities nationwide. To find our data page for any school, search â€Å"[Name of College/University] ACT Scores site:prepscholar.com† in any search engine. We should be the first or second result. As an example, this is what a search for Harvard's ACT score ranges would look like. Click on the first link to see Harvard's ACT score ranges, as well as a tool that predicts your admission chances based on your GPA and ACT score. Next Steps Look up the middle 50% ACT ranges of all colleges you are interested in. This will help you get a better understanding of the ACT score you should aim for – and which scores to avoid. If you want, you can fill out the table below as you look up colleges’ ACT middle 50% score ranges. Name of College/ University ACT 25th Percentile ACT 75th Percentile If you haven’t taken the ACT yet or are planning to retake it, set your target score at the upper bound of the middle 50% range of the most competitive school on your list. For example, if NYU is the most competitive school on your list, set your ACT target score at 32. If you make that score, you’ll be competitive wherever you apply! But if you miss it by a bit and get a 30, you’ll likely be well within range for most colleges on your list, and still be competitive at NYU. What’s Next? So you know what a bad ACT score looks like. What's a good score? An amazing one? See our guide here to find out. Read our guide on getting a perfect ACT score by our 36 full scorer. Even if you’re not going for a perfect score, following these principles will help you reach your score goal. Not sure you can study alone? Consider using our online ACT prep program. We take the hard part out of studying by analyzing your weak spots and giving you targetted practice questions. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Fletcher Building Limited Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fletcher Building Limited - Assignment Example This will allow them to make appropriate decisions about considering making Fletcher Building Limited a choice investment opportunity. The core of this analysis is to determine the performance of the company and submit a report of the same to the Board of Directors of NZ Saver Limited detailing the investment prospects and stability of the company. In this report, I wish to do the analysis and interpretation of the company basing my comments on the following aspects of the company: Stability of the company (Leverage and Liquidity ratios) Financial stability (Long term) Profitability ratios Cash flow Shareholder’s view (Market efficiency measures) These analyses have been based on the financial report of Fletcher Building Limited for the year ending 30 June, 2012. However, this has been compared with the financial report of the company for the year 2011 so as to bring variability in the report. To this regard, NZ Saver Limited is recorded as a superannuation company that is reg istered by the New Zealand Stock Exchange. Its main objective is to provide its clients with the maximum total return through the investments it seeks to make in the companies that are listed in the New Zealand or Australian share market. This report will enable the company objectively determine whether it is justified for it to invest in Fletcher Building Limited. ... This company was formerly the largest and wealthy business and multinational company in New Zealand. Currently, it can be estimated that the company has an estimated 19, 200 employees on the global scale and has around 50 businesses it operates under its brand name of Fletcher Building Limited. Generally, this company is the largest known supplier of building materials in Australia. Basing on the company’s sustainability report of March 2013, which addressed key issues of future growth and sustainability of the company in this competitive global economy, its CEO claimed that the main objective of the Fletcher Building Limited is to always ensure that it is more productive than any other company. Consequently, the company aims at becoming the most innovative company and provider of better building solutions in the entire Australian market. Clearly, one of the steps that the company took is to be enlisted in the stock market thus, enabling the buying of its stock to generate rev enue for greater expansive projects to be implemented (Payne & Frow, 2013). It is also mentioned in the report that the company shall also focus on the need to have environmental problems curtailed. This will be made possible by ensuring that it focuses more on the environment by striving to reduce any environmental footprints of its products. Consequently, it shall endeavor to maintain health and safety by reducing its TRIFR by about 85 percent from 60 percent to less than 9. Additionally, the company seeks to focus more on governance and quality standards in the future through community sponsorship and support. Analysis and Interpretation Profitability report of Fletcher Building Limited In analyzing the profitability ratios of the company this report

Varying of Contract Terms Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Varying of Contract Terms - Case Study Example Consideration is an important principle for a contract as the English courts take that into when determining the legal enforceability of a contract. McKendrick states that the purpose of consideration is to give the ‘badge of enforceability’ to agreements. The definition of consideration can be found in the case of Currie v. Misa which revolves around the concept of benefit to the promisor, or detriment to the promisee, thus the requirement is mutually exclusive.Another important aspect of consideration is that it must be sufficient and need not be adequate that is it must be something which the court would consider to be legally capable of constituting consideration. The position that was found to be problematic for business practices in respect of consideration whether an existing obligation could be treated as good consideration or in other words could the terms of the contract be changed without any additional consideration being provided for such variance. The three aspects that require an analysis there are possibly three different types of existing obligation which can arguably constitute to be a consideration. The first one is of an obligation which arises under the law, and there are independent of any contract. The second one is that of obligations that are owed under a contract with a third party. Finally, the obligations which are existent by way of a contract with the person who makes the new promise, for which it is alleged that the existing obligations should be held to be a good consideration.

The Economic Dominance of the United States Essay

The Economic Dominance of the United States - Essay Example On the other hand, however, people who worked in the Soviet economy were given very little incentive to be more productive. Everybody was given a quota to meet and once that was done, then no more was required of them. The economic dominance of the United States was because its economy was basically in private hands with very little interference from the government. The encouragement of private enterprise in the United States is the reason why its economy prospered and why the most dominant multinationals in the world at that time came from this country. When compared with other economic powers such as that of the Soviet Union, the latter’s did not have enough opportunity to ensure that it was diversified enough to stay competitive on the global scene. While the United States economy remained dominant for a period of some thirty years and benefitted many of its citizens, it was also detrimental to many people, not only in the United States itself but also in the developing countries where its companies conducted their activities. The capitalist economic system of the United States created a situation where there developed an unprecedented level of unemployment not only within the country but also in developing countries (Keohane 5). Because of the vicious and predatory nature of the capitalist system, one of the main causes of unemployment was when companies went out of business. In many instances, this came as a surprise and people were hardly ever prepared in case they were suddenly unemployed. Gerschenkron is of the opinion that the United States’ economy was maintained through its exploitation of the developing countries, the latter being the source of cheap raw materials for the American industries (102).

The Role of Leaders in Harnessing the Individual Qualities of Members Research Paper

The Role of Leaders in Harnessing the Individual Qualities of Members on a Team - Research Paper Example Motivation has been explained to be a reactive mechanism to a reinforcement that people receive in a workplace context (Kerzner, 2003). This means that motivation is a way that people respond to reinforcement to give off their best at work. Motivation, therefore, needs to be triggered by something. In most organizational settings, the word motivation is used to refer to the desire that people should have to put up their best to ensure improved productivity. A worker who is result oriented and normally seen to be on top of his or her job and delivering up to expectation or beyond is therefore seen to be a highly motivated person. It is in this direction that Cherry (2011) explains that â€Å"motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviours.† From her definition, it can be seen that motivation actually sets the pace for success as it initiatives goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also serves as roadmap or yardstick to success a s it guides goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also acts as an agent of preservation of success as it maintains goal-oriented behaviours. The absence of motivation is, therefore, tantamount to haphazardness at the workplace as it eliminates clear cut focus and goal-oriented behaviour from the organisation. All organisation and institutions are set up with a basic principle of achieving something positive. It is in line with this that there are often mission statements and vision statements for all well-meaning organisations. But in order to achieve the overall mission or vision set by any given organisation, it is very important that a series of projects and tasks are delivered.

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development Research Paper

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development - Research Paper Example Additionally, the consumers shop with the company, as the company site enables them to shop thousands of products with the hundreds of local retailers (AOL Inc., 2014; Shopcaster Inc., 2014; Mantella Venture Partners, 2013). Entrepreneurial attitudes generally vary with prospects culture and attitudes of people in the countries. Canadians are having extremely positive attitude with regard to entrepreneurship attitudes. In this regard, 61% of Canadians belief that entrepreneurship is an effective career choice and 70% considers that successful entrepreneurs are having respective social status in Canada. In terms of entrepreneurial activity, around 12% of the Canada’s working-age becomes entrepreneurs in early stage. The activities of the Canadians reflect that younger workforce of the country are strongly engaged in entrepreneurial activities. Moreover, Canadian entrepreneurs are highly ambitious, as 22% of entrepreneurs have targeted to induce 10 jobs along with 50% growth within the duration of five years. It has been identified that around 32% of entrepreneurs possess certain objectives in order to introduce new products in the market (Kremmidas, 2014). Additionally, the entrepreneurial demogra phics of Canada reflected that 6.3% of people are self-employed within their incorporated businesses (1Government of Canada, 2014). The stages of entrepreneurship and the framework conditions for Shopcaster in Canada are based on the ‘Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’ (GEM) model. The different stages of the framework include social norms, national conditions, economic activity and infrastructure. Judy Sims obtains inspiration through interactions with local retailers and the knowledge about the strong needs of web presence to communicate with customers. Correspondingly, the business framework is based on creativity ideas of Judy Rims and Aron Jones and having support from government as well as infrastructure

Leone Baxter and Clem Whitaker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leone Baxter and Clem Whitaker - Research Paper Example Leone Baxter was born November 20th, 1906 in Keslo, Washington. She was an avid reader growing up and would find a job writing for the Portland Oregonian. In her late twenties Baxter moved to Redding, California where she first entered the arena of promotions, landing a job promoting a water carnival for the Chamber of Commerce. She was successful in this position and would be promoted to the manager of the Chamber of Commerce in 1929. It was in this position that Baxter would first become involved in the political spectrum as she participated in the Central Valley Project referendum campaign. Clem Whitaker, Sr. was born May 1st, 1899. His uncle was a socialist who was very active in the American Civil Liberties Union and a friend of Upton Sinclair. He was a journalist writing for the Sacramento Bee where he became the city editor at the age of 19. In 1921, he founded the Capitol New Bureau, which provided political news to a wide variety of newspapers. His experience in these politi cal realms led him to become involved in political lobbying campaigns. His lobbying efforts would ultimately led to his involvement in the Central Valley project, where he would meet Leone Baxter and form Whitaker & Baxter, Inc. in 1933. Another prominent contributor to this organization was Clem Whitaker, Jr. ... Whitaker would never graduate, as in 1943 he ceased his education after joining the United States Army Air Corp to become a fighter pilot. After his discharge from the army in 1946 Whitaker would join his father’s firm, become a partner in the firm in 1950 and purchasing the company in 1958 ("Social Archives" web). At the time of its formation in 1933 Whitaker & Baxter Campaigns Inc. was the country’s first political management firm. While political campaigning had always been a complicated and brutal arena, it was understood that â€Å"with the changes in the 20th century media environment increased aid was needed to navigate these oftentimes-complex avenues† (Lathrop 12). This is what the company would provide. The company would go through a number of developments, but its primary activity was managing campaigns for political candidates as well as ballot measures. At other instance, the company would also manage corporate clients, contributing significantly to public relations campaigns for Pacific Gas and Electric Co., Western Pacific Railroad, and Utah Construction Company. While the company went by the broad name of Whitaker & Baxter Campaigns Inc., the organization also included under its auspices the Whitaker & Baxter Advertising Agency and the California Feature Service. The feature service built on the individuals’ newspaper experience and public relations ability as it acted as a vehicle to over three-hundred California newspapers; in these regards, it provided the papers with cartoons, articles, and editorials that advanced the company’s public relation interests. It was through innovative practices such as these that the company would come to be highly influential in the realm of public relations and campaign

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development Research Paper

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Development - Research Paper Example Additionally, the consumers shop with the company, as the company site enables them to shop thousands of products with the hundreds of local retailers (AOL Inc., 2014; Shopcaster Inc., 2014; Mantella Venture Partners, 2013). Entrepreneurial attitudes generally vary with prospects culture and attitudes of people in the countries. Canadians are having extremely positive attitude with regard to entrepreneurship attitudes. In this regard, 61% of Canadians belief that entrepreneurship is an effective career choice and 70% considers that successful entrepreneurs are having respective social status in Canada. In terms of entrepreneurial activity, around 12% of the Canada’s working-age becomes entrepreneurs in early stage. The activities of the Canadians reflect that younger workforce of the country are strongly engaged in entrepreneurial activities. Moreover, Canadian entrepreneurs are highly ambitious, as 22% of entrepreneurs have targeted to induce 10 jobs along with 50% growth within the duration of five years. It has been identified that around 32% of entrepreneurs possess certain objectives in order to introduce new products in the market (Kremmidas, 2014). Additionally, the entrepreneurial demogra phics of Canada reflected that 6.3% of people are self-employed within their incorporated businesses (1Government of Canada, 2014). The stages of entrepreneurship and the framework conditions for Shopcaster in Canada are based on the ‘Global Entrepreneurship Monitor’ (GEM) model. The different stages of the framework include social norms, national conditions, economic activity and infrastructure. Judy Sims obtains inspiration through interactions with local retailers and the knowledge about the strong needs of web presence to communicate with customers. Correspondingly, the business framework is based on creativity ideas of Judy Rims and Aron Jones and having support from government as well as infrastructure

Analyze the causes of the obesity epidemic affecting Americans Essay

Analyze the causes of the obesity epidemic affecting Americans children - Essay Example Obesity affects not only adults, but also children and youth. It has become a serious health problem and has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. More than this, it is threatening to become a global epidemic. There are four main factors that can cause obesity: the environment, a person’s eating habits, physical activity, and genetics. First of all, the environment plays the most important role in obesity. In the current environment of the United States, American children have access to unhealthy foods throughout schools and society in general. American children spend most of their time at school. Because they are there for so long, they need to have meals, drinks, and snacks there. However, most schools in the United States provide a great deal of unhealthy foods such as fried foods, hamburgers, and sugary drinks through vending machines, the school cafeteria, at fundraising events, and at sporting events. In contrast, there is a lack of healthy food choices such as vegetables and fresh fruit. Children who are always eating unhealthy food may gain body fat more easily, and this increases calories, which leads to obesity. Moreover, in society, fast food restaurants exist almost everywhere. The typical boulevard has at least four fast food restaurants such as McDonalds, KFC, Burger King, and Jack in the Box. Among these fast food restaurants, McDonald is the most popular. The documentary Super Size Me states that â€Å"McDonald’s represents around 43 percent of the American fast food market.† In addition, there are many fast food restaurants that are located close to high schools and colleges. The reason is that it is convenient for students to have their lunch nearby their place of study. Furthermore, advertising is also an environmental factor that may lead to greater obesity. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation released a study in 2007 stating that, â€Å"many food companies

The relationship marketing

The relationship marketing Introduction Relationship marketing has become a widely applied and recognised way in which the hotel industry has been able to sell itself to guests. Prior to the start of the essay, the definition of relationship marketing must be addressed. Kotler et al. (2007) defines relationship marketing as the process in which the construction, cultivation and strengthening of strong value laden relationships with customers and other stakeholders occur. Another way relationship marketing can be defined is as with Dwyer et al. (1987, p. 12) both business marketing and consumer marketing benefit from attention to conditions that foster relational bonds leading to reliable repeat purchase. With this in mind, the idea that relationship marketing is a marketing strategy used in the context of the hotel industry for increased benefits both financial and otherwise via repeated purchases will be applied to within the scope of this essay. Recent shifts from the traditional side of transactional marketing to the inception of relationship marketing in recent times has seen a softer approach rather than a dominant approach to making sales transactions, and thus increases the relevance of the application of relationship marketing to the hotel industry. (Gummesson, 1999) While there are many perceptions as well as views to the notion of relationship marketing, this essay intends to focus on the advantages as well as the drawbacks of relationship marketing within the hotel industry, recommendations as well as propositions with regards its future directions will too be discussed with relevance to the question. Pros of Relationship Marketing Customer Loyalty A significant benefit that can be derived from successful relationship marketing (RM) in a business is the development of loyalty in customers. Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner Gremler (2002) mentioned that customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth recommendations are usually the two outcomes of effective RM. Furthermore, it is further emphasised by Reynold Beatty (1999) that RM can provide exclusive benefits for customers, consequently reducing competition from other businesses that offer the same product which can thus assist in the achievement of consumer loyalty. Oliver (1997) defines loyalty as a close bonding between the consumer and the seller which results in frequent purchase of a certain product or service from the same supplier, despite the influence from other competitors which has the potential to evoke switching behaviour in consumers. The concept of customer loyalty has long been regarded as an important aspect of the integral operations occurring in organisations nowadays, as companies are becoming increasingly aware of the rewards to be reaped in the form of superior financial performance in the long run. This is further supported by Dowling Uncles (1997) purporting that loyal customers are more likely to spend additionally and often make favourable recommendations to other potential customers. In addition, McMullan Gilmore (2008) noted that greater knowledge and understanding of customer loyalty may allow companies to align their management strategies to meet the different needs of its customers in a more effective manner and hence, resulting in a more profitable business. Therefore, many hotels in todays world have implemented their own customer relationship management (CRM) system in order to offer their customers a unique and satisfying experience by accurately identifying the various needs of customers. Lo, Stalcup Lee (2010) stated that the concept of CRM has evolved over the past decades into a strategy employed by many organisations to integrate the different aspects present in the company, so that a greater understanding of their customers can be attained and ultimately, resulting in a long-term profitable relationship between the customers and themselves. However, it is crucial for hotels not to overlook other areas that are closely related to the concept of customer loyalty, instead of just merely focusing on the establishment of an effective CRM system. Customer loyalty is often linked to other service management concepts such as customer satisfaction and customer centricity. Businesses including the hotel industry should be mindful and take into consideration these other concepts that might affect the development of customer loyalty the ultimate aim of successful RM. It is also critical for hotels to recognise the obstacles impeding them from instilling loyalty in customers. One of the more noteworthy obstacles includes unresolved areas of dissatisfaction in consumers which, if left unattended, can result in dropping sales and profitability (McMullan Gilmore 2008). Therefore, a two-way communication becomes all the more essential for businesses to understand what customers want and knowing how to deal with dissatisfaction Lastly, managers should always assess the pros and cons of a loyalty program before implementing them, so that resources get measured and managed. Focus on Customer Retention Another advantage derived from relationship marketing is the increased profitability that stems from the retention as opposed to capturing new customers. Firstly, customer retention can be defined as the ability of a firms offer for a customer to purchase or patronage its product over a specific time period. (Shajahan, S, 2004. p.109) This occurs when, in the context of this essay, a hotel adopts a customer management orientation where it seeks to apply RM to retain its customers. Customer retention reduces marketing costs and as such benefits the hotel financially. This means that hotels need to spend potentially less money to attract customers they have lost as a result of the defection of its existing ones. This was exemplified in a study showing increase in profit by 25% to 125% in a company when it retained 5% more of its customers. (Reichheld, F Sasser, WE, 1990) This can be done by the hotel developing a customer retention strategy and thus focussing its energies on particular customers in which they would like to retain. This is as not all customers are worth the additional effort as well as cost to retain, certain customers are with more important with regards to their perceived value to the company as well as potential for development in the future (Buttle F, 2009). In the context of a hotel for example, a hotel might want to centre its attention on the higher spending, more affluent members of its clientele, as they represent more profits for the c ompany as compared to the ordinary spending customer that patronises the hotel. With these measures and understanding of customer retention in place, hotels can reap increased profits as an advantage of relationship marketing. Word-of-mouth (WOM) Advertising As mentioned earlier in this paper, one of the desired outcomes of successful RM is the positive word-of-mouth recommendations by satisfied customers. WOM has been regarded as a powerful tool of communication which can influence consumers purchasing behaviour and judgements (John 1994). Sweeney, Soutar Mazzarol (2008) further elaborated that WOM behaviour plays an influential role in promotion and it is very important especially in businesses that provide services such as hotels. Zeithaml (1981) reinstated that WOM creates significant impacts in service organisations because the intangibility of service made it impossible for consumers to pre-trial the product before purchasing it. Hence, it is paramount that hotel operators are aware that WOM behaviour can affect them to a large extent. Though significant repercussions may prove to be an issue if negative words about the company were to spread around, operators of hotels should be forewarned of the positives that WOM marketing can provide for them. For instance, WOM can reduce geographical boundaries that used to exist in traditional marketing, especially true with the increased affluence of internet in our modern society today. This is supported by Trusov, Bucklin Pauwels (2009) stating that the use of Internet can provide many various platforms and avenues for users to share their views and opinions with one another. In addition, it also serves as an advertising channel which can lower costs and ensure that consumers receive the message in the shortest possible time. Costs Savings for Businesses As most organisations face difficulties in nurturing and maintaining long-term relationships with their customers (1999), the advancement of information technology (IT) has significantly improved efficiency and decreased the costs associated with RM. For customers, RM through the use of IT will ensure a better understanding and better fit for marketing efforts (Xu, Yen, Lin Chou 2002). For hotels, RM through the use of IT means moving from general market segmentation to a more definitive segmentation while enhancing the level of intimacy between the hotel and her guests (Gummesson 1994). Barlow (1992) concurs that generally, guests desires to be communicated with on a one-on-one basis. Based on past data collected through the use of information systems and property management systems, hotels are able to utilise sequential data in RM (Grà ¶nroos 1995). Berry (1995) perceives that the use of IT in customer RM will facilitate information exchange, allow possible tracking of buying patterns, and the personalisation of service experience. This translates into cost-savings for the hotel for their marketing efforts. Understanding the Market Relationship marketing can be taken advantage to narrow the demand gap for accommodation rooms caused by seasonality of tourism demand. As mentioned by Butler (2001), seasonality in tourism exacerbates problems relating to capital access, retention of skilled labour and the under-utilisation of resources such as hotel rooms. Generally, the two main causes of seasonality in tourism has been identified as natural causes and institutionalised causes (Hartmann 1986). Weather conditions can often lead to the seasonality of demand in tourism (Kozak Rimmington 2000). As such, the ski industry has a large turnover rate of employees and often, ski resorts are vacant during the summer (Ismert Petrick 2004). Based on the geographical environment that it is in, hotels can actually sell nature tourism to potential guests during the off peak seasons. By having leisure activities at the destination, it creates a compelling justification for travellers to stay over. This form of marketing would be best communicated via the use of relationship marketing as hotels will have a better understand of guests preferences. Similarly, hotels can utilise existing guest records to target those that do not have work obligations for instance, and those that they deem as potential guests. During the low-peak seasons, hotels can make use of that as a selling advantage. A different group of guests may be attracted as a result of marketing the hotel to be quiet and peaceful. For example, by creating special packages that addresses accessibility issues, and includes a wide variety of leisure options and accommodation standards for the elderly, the hotel is able to tap on the retired greying population and boost room occupancy rates even during these periods. Cons of Relationship Marketing Importance of Recognising Cultural Differences One of the disadvantages of RM, and especially so for global hotel businesses, is that cultural differences are not being recognized when a single approach is being implemented for different societies. Culture must be first defined in this essay as an integrated system of learned behaviour patterns that are distinguishing characteristics of the members of any given society (Czinkota, MR Ronkainen, IA, 2007 p.54) This would mean that different cultures adopt different mindsets on various issues, attitudes and feelings. In the context of this essay this means various cultures respond differently with respect to RM in hotels. For example, Chinese tourists attach great significance to ritualistic behaviour such as a smile, greeting or a hand-shake as part of a service orientated experience which represents respect and importance of the guests. In the UK, however, ritual greetings by hotel employees are rare; furthermore interactions with guests from Chinese cultures are inclined to be h indered by language barriers. (Wang,Y. Vela,MR. Tyler, K.2008) This means that tourists from a Chinese culture would be affected in ways that guests from for example, a western culture would not be. Hotels therefore are faced with the constant challenge of providing a positive service experience for a variety of visitors with different expectations and needs. It is also noted that RM in the Chinese cultural setting is approached in a different manner than how it is done in western cultures. In the former, it is custom to establish kuan-hsi (networking/relationship) first followed by the business dealing. However in western cultures, a closer relationship is fostered only after the business dealing, with the view of acquiring further business opportunities. (Gilbert, DTsao, J,2000) In the hotels context this would mean that international hotel chains such as Starwood would have to deal with local suppliers or partners in different ways with regards to business dealings. A deal in China would not be approached in the same way as a deal in New York, lest offending or putting off potential suppliers. Hence the challenges faced by global hotel brands in RM with regards to different cultures. Involvement of High Costs for Training and Software Because of the different approaches to RM and a need to recognise these different cultural elements, hotel employees are required to undergo a stringent training process. As Zelkowitz (2005) advocates, the high costs related to relationship marketing generally spawns from the recruitment and training of staff. Thus, it contributes to the additional costs of the hotel. Furthermore, managing relationships have now been rarely limited to just the customer and the business, but also relationships with other stakeholders such as agencies and other suppliers which have different levels of integration and ways of operating. As a result of these complexities identified, many hotels are utilising integrated RM software to simplify their business operations process and effectively manage these multiple relationships. As such, this technology acquisition contributes to ongoing operating costs for the hotel and can be viewed as a form of maintenance (Little Marandi 2003). Counter Productivity of Relationship Marketing While trying to meet the needs of existing loyal guests, RM may have an adverse impact on customer loyalty. Sending unsolicited promotional materials such as mass customised emails to guests may risk jeopardising the relationship the hotel has with the guest (Brown Muchira 2004; Prasad, Ramamurthy Naidu 2001). At the same time, RM can result in guests being bombarded with promotional messages from various hotels that they have previously lived in. Bowie and Buttle (2004) believe that customer loyalty can only be dedicated to a small number of brands. Thus, overloading of information via marketing might be counterproductive and will eventually result in less benefits for both the hotel and the customers (Jayachandran, Sharma, Kaufman Raman 2005). Although RM might be able to anticipate guests needs and wants by accessing sequential records in the information system, it is important to remember that individual guests may not always desire for the same product and service even when b eing at the same property (Bowie Buttle 2004). Negligence of Existing Customers RM can be detrimental to any business if used in an improper manner. For instance, certain hotels may tend to use RM or tailor their strategies toward acquiring new markets whilst at the same time, lesser emphasis is placed on managing existing guest relationships. As previously established, the cost of attaining a new customer is five to six times more than retaining a loyal guest (Ndubisi, Malhotra Wah 2009), meaning some hotels suffer from the leaky bucket syndrome as they seem more interested in attracting new customers rather than retaining existing ones (Dowling Uncles 1997; Gummesson 1994). Limitations and Recommendations It has been widely accepted that the main objectives of relationship marketing and management is to establish long lasting relationships between the hotel and its guests through the increase in consumer knowledge and also establishing a two way relationship which is mutual and beneficial for both parties (Llamas-Alonso, Jimenez-Zarco, Martinez-Ruiz Dawson, 2009). The aforementioned points suggest that sound relationship management can lead to several benefits that increase the value of the hotel, provide competitive advantages, and enhance its competitive market positioning, which is then translated to the improvement in the hotels financial performance (Ryals, 2005; Boulding, Staelin, Ehret, Johnston, 2005). However, evidence also points out that effective relationship marketing requires heavy investment in information and communication technologies (ICTs) and also much effort in order to maintain these long-term relationships (Little Marandi 2003). Henceforth, this section aims t o explore existing limitations pertinent in the implementation of a relationship marketing strategy in hotels and subsequently, propose recommendations to address some of these issues identified. A plethora of research have been done in the area of CRM and they all seem to concur that the CRM framework no longer refers to just relationships between the business and the consumer, but also other organisations and parties interconnected within the framework, one where Gummesson (2004) has termed as a complex network of relationships. Several authors continue to expound on this, stating that these relationships frequently involve different mechanisms of governance, instruments of authority and control, levels of integration, and purposes which thus contributes to this complexity (Achrol Kotler, 1999; Rindfleisch Moorman, 2001), making CRM difficult to implement successfully. According to the Gartner Group ( 2002) and authors Srinivasan Moorman (2005), this complexity also mean certain aspects have not been addressed and thus constitutes to one of the reasons why a high percentage of CRM projects have failed and not liven up to the expectations of it. Hence, it is now understoo d that while these challenges are difficult to address, overcoming the complexity is integral for relationship marketing strategies to be successful within any hotel business. The multidimensional nature of relationship marketing entails proper foundations be established by the hotel management before the implementation of any CRM strategies. It is therefore recommended that the strategic objectives to be achieved by implementing CRM be defined clearly in the early in the planning stages. This ensures that it is clearly aligned to the overall hotel objectives and will thus be able to contribute strongly to hotel operations. As managing multiple relationships become more complex, it is also recommended that a performance management tool specifically catered toward CRM should be established in order to evaluate the success of the CRM strategy. This proposal builds upon the works of Sin, Tse Yim (2005), which proposes a potential tool for measuring performances in relationship marketing, defining the concept as a multidimensional construct consisting of four broad areas strategy, people, technology and processes. Therefore, this approach of recognising other dimensions will enable the hotel to take on a more holistic approach toward relationship marketing and CRM. Furthermore, with technology being increasingly relied on in managing these relationships, these evaluative tools will be able to measure the success of these information systems to ensure it delivers its intended outcomes. As mentioned earlier in this paper, relationship marketing not only refer to creating strong and long-lasting relationships with hotel guests, but also extends to other stakeholders such as suppliers and potential and existing employees (Christopher, Payne Ballatyne, 1991). Employees play a decisive role in managing relationships with guests since they become partners and co-producers in the customer experience (Llamas-Alonso et al., 2009). While most CRM strategies have tended to focus on guest satisfaction, guest loyalty and other areas relation to customer attitudes toward the hotel brand, it is then recommended that equal emphasis be placed on managing employee relationships and suppliers alike in order to increase the probability of successfully delivering the intended outcomes of the overall relationship marketing strategy. Benefits of Recommendations The development of measurement systems will allow hotel managers to anticipate how CRM will work and determine the way CRM will influence the achievement of the hotels strategic objectives. By designing and implementing a balanced, complex, and multi-dimensional measurement system, hotels will then be able to anticipate the future ability of CRM to achieve its objectives through a predictive performance measurement system or establish the level of real success achieved by CRM through an evaluative performance measurement system (Llamas-Alonso et al., 2009). Additionally, the implementation of evaluative measures in hotels will be able to provide important information to key decision-makers, allowing them to determine whether their efforts are on track with the overall relationship marketing strategy. Also, it will help managers to understand whether their programs are succeeding or failing by signalling potential managerial problems when the performance indicators are not able to track in the desired function (Llamas-Alonso et al., 2009). Above all, these measures will encourage hotel managers to take initiative and be accountable, at the same time, clarifying the process for the expectations and requirements of policy makers. The implementation of Performance Management and Control Systems (PMCS) with a predictive orientation will essentially help to minimise the risks of decision making and pave the way for hotel strategies to be executed, consequently improving the return on investments associated with the implementation of relationship marketing programs (Argyres, 1999). Furthermore, as Llamas-Alonso et al. (2009) purports, comparing the predictive and achieved objectives in the hotel will be able to establish the divergences between the expected results and the achieved results, thus improving efficiency and efficacy of the relationship marketing strategy as well. Conclusion After a thorough analysis of the relationship marketing concept within the of hotel industry, it is evident that relationship marketing if utilised appropriately, can lead to significant potential benefits for the hotel business. Such benefits include positive word of mouth recommendations to future customers as a direct result of customer loyalty, greater cost savings for business, increasing occupancy rate during off-seasons and also, customer retention all of which translates into higher profits and improving the overall functionality of the hotel. Despite the benefits gained, relationship marketing can also present several drawbacks to hotel operators. In todays world, globalisation has allowed the interactions between people of different ethnicity and cultural practice to take place more frequently. This means that understanding different cultures and learning to deal with different people becomes all the more relevant and could potentially sap large amount of time and effort. In addition to this, the costs required to establish a CRM system and training employees to be proficient in it can be exorbitant. It should be noted however, that these are investments that need to be made in order for relationship marketing to be implemented successfully and thus entail proper planning and objectives setting. Furthermore, the multidimensional nature of relationship marketing means hotels face much complexity. Hence, it is imperative that performance measures with an evaluative focus should be utilised in order to ensure the success of a relationship marketing strategy. It was also noted in this paper that relationships with suppliers and especially employees need to be managed as well, since the latter contribute to delivering the overall guest satisfaction. The adoption of a relationship marketing approach involves a great challenge for the firm, since it means a different way of understanding the marketing strategy, the market and the approach to the guest. Above all, hotel businesses need to be able to communicate this strategy to its staff, and ensure that the relationship marketing strategy is fully embraced and the organisation fully aligned to it in order for the business to face the multitude of challenges for the future. List of References Achrol, R. S. Kotler, P. 1999, Marketing in the network economy [special issue], Journal of Marketing, vol. 63, pp. 146-163. Argyres, N. S. 1999, The impact of information technology on coordination: Evidence from the b-stealth bomber, Organisation Science, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 162. Barlow, R 1992, Relationship Marketing The Ultimate in Cstomer Services, Retail Control, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 29-37. Berry, L 1995, Relationship Marketing of Services Growing Interest, Emerging Perspectives, Journal of the Academy of marketing science, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 236-45. Boulding, W., Staelin, R. Ehret, M., Johnston, W. J. 2005, A customer relationship management roadmap: What is know, potential pitfalls, and where to go, Journal of Marketing, vol. 69, pp. 155-166. Bowie, D Buttle, F 2004, Hospitality Marketing: An Introduction, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Brown, M Muchira, R 2004, Investigating the Relationship Between Internet Privacy Concerns and Online Purchase Behaviour, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 62-70. Butler, R 2001, Seasonality in tourism: issues and implications, Seasonality in tourism, pp. 5-21. Buttle, F 2008, Customer relationship management: concepts and technologies, 2nd edn, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 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