Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Essay Sample on a Response to Intervention Model in School Districts

Article Sample on a Response to Intervention Model in School Districts There are numerous issues confronting teachers today, which sway the scholastic existences of todays understudies. One issue at the front line is the association and execution of a Response to Intervention model inside school areas over the state. A Response to Intervention (RTI) model permits all school faculty to more readily coordinate the administrations offered inside regions or structures, accordingly upgrading the conveyance of every accessible assistance. RTI is made out of three fundamental segments: A layered arrangement of administrations, a critical thinking approach, and an information assortment framework. Initially, the layered framework permits each student’s singular should be tended to. Administrations are offered through levels: general administrations offered to all understudies, supplemental administrations offered to understudies who need some extra help, and concentrated administrations for those understudies who need broad help. Also, the critical thinking approach permits groups of individuals to cooperate to meet those student’s needs. At long last, the information assortment framework is the key part to noticing how the understudies are advancing and accomplishing the fundamental benchmarks. RTI takes into consideration locale to expand contribution from every invested individual in a student’s instruction including: staff, understudies and guardians. It naturally takes into consideration the responsibility required by government and state enactment, and furthermore builds understudy accomplishment. In any case, it isn't without it’s derogations. RTI requires new abilities and preparing over the field. Frequently the usage of the information assortment and the executives is overpowering. I accept that utilizing a RTI model is valuable when actualized in a keen way. The psyche move and maybe work force move that may need to happen ought to be given through staff advancement and the execution of training. Also, I accept that moving the concentration from how understudies are performing from where understudies are set is independently the greatest advance forward in pre-referral and administration conveyance in decades.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

M.A. English Free Essays

Each course British Poetry British Drama British Novel Aspects of Language will include one task of 100 imprints. This task be guide checked. Points: The TMAs are conceffred rrainly with evaluating your application and comprehension of the course material. We will compose a custom exposition test on M.A. English or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now You are not required to recreate pieces of data from the course material yet to utilize the abilities of basic gratefulness that you may have procured over the span of study. These assignments airn to educate just as to evaluate your presentation. If it's not too much trouble guarantee that you read the writings and the ccompanying study directs that we have arranged for you. Let rne rehash: you should peruse all the writings endorsed. Do cause focuses as you to come. It there is anything you don't see, if it's not too much trouble ask your Counselor at the Study Center for explanation. When you can do the assignments acceptably, you will be prepared to take the test Nith certainty. Guidelines: Before attclnpting the task please read the accompanying directions cautiously. 2 3 Read the itemized instructicns about the assignments given in the Program Guide Elective Courses. Compose your move 1 ro. aflle, full location and date on the upper right corner of the main page of your reaction sheet(s). Compose the Course Title, Assignment Number and the Narne of the Study Center you are appended to in the middle ofthe first page ofyour reaction sheet(s). The highest point of the principal page of your reaction sheet should seem as though this: Use just foolscap size paper for your reaction and label all the pages caref-ully. Compose the significant inquiry nuinber with each answer. You ought to write in your own penmanship Submission: T’he finished task ought to be sent to the Coordinator of the Study Center allocated to you ty 3tr† March, 2aL4 gar Juty 2013 Session) and 30’h Sept 201 I (for January 2014 Session). If you don't mind respond the directions given in the Program Now read the accompanying rules cautiously before addressing the inquiries. Rules FOR TMA You will think that its helpful to remember the accompanying focuses: 1. Arranging: Read the task cautiously. Make a few focuses with respect to each address and afterward improve these in a coherent request. Furthermore, kindly compose the appropriate responses n your own words† Do not imitate entries from the units. 2. 0rganisation: Be somewhat more specific and logical before drawing up a harsh layout of your answer. In an article type question, focus on your presentation and end. The presentation must offer your concise understanding of the inquiry and how you propose to create it. The end must sum up your reaction to the inquiry. Over the span of your answer, you may get a kick out of the chance to make references to different writings or pundits as this will add some profundity to your examination. Ensure that your answer: ) is sensible and reasonable; b) has clear associations among sentences and sections; c) is composed accurately giving sufficient thought to your demeanor, style and introduction; d) doesn't surpass the quantity of words showed in your inquiry. 3. Introduction: Once you are happy with your answers. you can record the last form for accommodation, composing each answer flawlessly bone-dry underlining the focuses you wish to underscore. You might know that you have to present your task hefore you can show up for the Term End Exams. It would be ideal if you make sure to keep a duplicate of your finished ssignment, Just in the event that the one you submitted is lost in travel. Good karma with your work! Note: Remember the accommodation of ussignment is precondition of consent of showing up in assessment. On the off chance that you have not presented the task in time you won't be permitted to show up in assessment. MEG-OI: BRITISH POETRY Program: MEG Max. Imprints: 1 Ast code: MEG-OI ,TMA12013-1 4 In a traditional class your instructor would have talked about your task with you, brought up what made a decent article and what a terrible one. We have done the very same thing in Unit 52 of the British Poetry (MEG-OI) course. Peruse it cautiously and talk about it with your advisor and class-colleagues at the Study Center. From there on choose a point, I. e. a period or abstract gathering throughout the entire existence of British verse. you may, in the event that you wish, select a subject from the rundown given in sz. z. t (p. 70) in Block X. On the other hand, you could compose on a British writer of your decision. you may compose on a writer talked about in the units, I. e. on the prospectus, or even a writer we have not talked about in detail, for example, Robert Burns, G. M. Hopkins, R. S. Thomas, Ted Hughes or Seamus Heaney. You may have heard a portion of our talks on The Movement, Philip Larkin nd Ted Hughes on the EduSat. It might now be accessible on e-gyankosh on wmw. ignou. air conditioning. in You have one more decision. Compose an exposition on a renowned sonnet in English writing. Having settle on your subject, do your examination and afterward read area 36. 5 in Unit 36 in Block VIII for a model article and an arrangement for introduction. you may figure out how to introduce your research project/sessional article from 36. 5. You should not cite from unacknowledged sou rces. To summarize, compose an article on a period or a literarv bunch in British verse or a British artist or a British sonnet in around 3000 words on the model gave in 36. (in unit 36). The full stamps for the article is 100. We anticipate perusing your sessional article. Truly yours Teacher MEG-02: BRITISH DRAMA (Based on Blocks 1-9) Program Code: MEG Assignment code: N{EG-02 120 1 3-201 4 Maximum Marks: Answer the fbllowing inquiries in 300 words each. Talk about 2. the plot ot Dr. Faustus. l{ow would you rate A Mid,cummer Night’s Dream 3. Clomment on the uncertain bowed of brain of Hamlet. (10) 4. What highlights make Alchemisl a moral story? 5. How is Playboy important as a satire? today? 6. Remark on Pygmalion as a Shavian play. 7. What fbatures make Murder in the Catherlral a wonderful show? 8. Conrnrent on the title of 9. Pausing. tttr Discuss the topic of Look Back in Anger. 10. Irrorn among the plays you have perused pick any one that you have preferred giving reasons lor your choice.Trace the advancement of current English fiction with explicit referenc6 to the significant moves in artistic point of view during the nineteenth century. 20 2. Would it be right to state that in Tom Jones, Fielding considers mariage to be an ere financial plan under which ladies feel ceaselessly stifled? Talk about. 3. Talk about the allegory of the web with regards to occasions and individuals identifying with Bulstrode in Middlemarch. 4 Suggest the political and masterful ramifications ot setting the Orientalist worldview. 5. How does Realism ftnd articulation in ofl Passage to British fiction of the 1960s? Base your answer on your comprehension of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. MEG. 04: ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE course code: All inquiries are mandatory Write short notes on any two of the accompanying. Skill and execution Langue and parole Conversion as a morphological gadget Falling tone and rising tone the end India inside stage. brietly the history ot language arranging snowing obviously the tocus at each Give your own definiti* of language. What are the qualities of human correspondence and how is it unique in relation to creature correspondence? 20 What is foregrounding? Examine this regarding degenerate models from your perusing of writing. ‘Pick out your own models; state how they are freak, and what is the effect on the peruser. What is the contrast between unadulterated vowels and diphthongs? How would you depict both? The most effective method to refer to M.A. English, Papers

Friday, August 21, 2020

Tips for Preparing Yourself to Take ADHD Medication

Tips for Preparing Yourself to Take ADHD Medication ADHD Treatment Print 7 Tips for Preparing Yourself to Take ADHD Medication By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on February 22, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children PhotoAlto/Antoine Arraou/Getty Images Medication, when appropriate, can be effective in helping you manage your  attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. These medications may be either  stimulants  or  non-stimulants. Its important to remember, however, that medication does not “cure” ADHD and is only a piece of the overall treatment plan, which may also include ADHD education, parent training, behavioral management methods, organizational strategies, school/work accommodations, coaching, and counseling. Tips for Taking ADHD Medications For some individuals with ADHD, these combined treatments may even lead to a reduced need or smaller dosage of ADHD medication. If you or your child is beginning a trial of ADHD medication, here are some helpful tips. Get a Baseline Reading Before beginning the medication, make notes of current behavior, sleep, appetite, and mood. These notes will serve as a baseline you can use to compare before and after medication patterns. This information will help you and your doctor differentiate what changes are related to the medication and what may be related to the ADHD that is being treated. Let Your Doctor Know About Other Medications You Take Its important for your doctor to be aware of any other medications, both prescribed and over-the-counter, that you or your child are currently taking. Medications can sometimes interact with one another, potentially causing problems or interfering with the potency of each other. Be sure to inform him or her of any supplements or vitamins as well. Keeping your doctor in the loop about your questions, concerns, and observations is key in discerning what treatment plans and medications are right for you. ADHD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide for your next doctors appointment to help you ask the right questions. Download PDF 3. Ask About Other Possible Interactions Ask your doctor if there are any foods, drinks, or other medications that you or your child should avoid while on your ADHD medication. 4. Know the Side Effects Ask your doctor to clearly explain all possible side effects of the medication. Obviously, the benefits of the medication must outweigh the risks of potential adverse side effects. For the common, less serious types of side effects, ask your doctor what strategies you can utilize to help minimize effects. It may be that taking food with the medication is helpful in reducing stomachaches or headaches  or adjusting the schedule of the medication will help improve appetite or sleep problems, for example. 5. Understand Dose Adjustments Your doctor will start at the lowest dose possible and adjust upward as necessary. Close communication is especially important during this time as you work together to reach optimal results. Know that your doctor may need to adjust the medication a number of times to find the most effective level. If side effects become problematic, a simple adjustment downward often solves the problem. If there doesnt seem to be significant improvement with the medication you or your child is taking, your doctor may begin a new trial with a different medication. Since everyone is different, it may be that you or your child respond better to one medication than another. 6. Get a Medication Fact Sheet Be sure to ask your doctor or pharmacist for a copy of the medication fact sheet to take home and read more thoroughly. If questions come up while reading through the sheet, don’t hesitate to call your doctors office. 7. Follow Instructions Its important to adhere to your doctor’s directions regarding the times your medication should be taken. When medication is taken at consistent times during the day, you will have a clearer picture of its effectiveness. Ask your doctor what to do if you accidentally miss a dose or take too many doses. Whats ADHD Medication Rebound?

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Embryonic Stem Cells - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 567 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? What if I told you that researchers could cure diseases like Diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimers or Parkinsons? The chances of you being on board with ending these horrible diseases that millions of people suffer from each year is extremely high. The cures of these diseases are the potential result of embryonic stem cell research. The heated battle over stem cell research is currently a hot button topic along side abortion, gay marriage, and illegal immigration. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Embryonic Stem Cells" essay for you Create order As ardently as each side defends their stance on a controversial issue, an opposing side fights with equal diligence for the belief they feel should be valued. Much interest and effort has focused on the therapeutic potential of stem cell technology to treat presently intractable diseases. However, this scientific promise has been accompanied by important issues, including ethical hurdles, political policies and dilemmas concerning cell source selection from an embryo. While supporters of stem cells claim the potential they can cure everything from blindness to paralysis to curing diseases, those against stem cell science liken the procedure used by scientists to murder. It is my intention to bring to light the positive benefits of stem cell research as well as counter the claims used by many pro-life groups and governmental obstacles. Stem cells are cells that have the potential to form into many different cells in the human body. In essence, these cells are the building blocks within the human body to become an eye, an arm, or even the nervous system. If a damaged tissue or organ cannot repair itself, stem cells could be obtained from these different stem cell sources [organs and tissues from individuals after birth; gametes; tissues and organs from aborted fetuses; inner cell mass of early embryos]. Scientists could then culture these stem cell by creating conditions that enable them to replicate many times in a petri dish without differentiating, Such a population of proliferating stem cells originating from a single parent group of stem cells is a stem cell line. Stem cells from this stem cell line could then be coaxed to differentiate into the desired cell type, and be transferred into the patient so that they can repair the damaged tissue or organ (Devolder 6). While few can debate the potential miracle cure aspect that seems to be wrapped within stem cell research, the method for obtaining such cells has become the topic for debate. The use of embryonic stem cells has been highly-publicized and is controversial. Most of the current methods used to harvest embryonic stem cells destroy the embryo. The controversy is that the best stem cells are retrieved from embryos that are then destroyed in the extraction process. Many oppose embryonic stem cell research because it kills a living human embryo in the process, which Pro Life advocates see as murder. There is an unending conflict between those who see as the potential to save lives, and those who see it as murder. There are two main positions on embryonic stem cell research. The main reason the topic is controversial is because Pro life advocates, Christians, and many republicans see the destruction of the human embryo as murder or the ending of a potential human life. Critics argue that this destruction of human life is not worth the benefits because life is destroyed to potentially save another. The argument comes down to the same one as abortion, but at an even smaller scale. Embryonic Stem Cells - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 792 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? For centuries, past scientific discoveries have paved the way for future innovations. In addition, they have also positively impacted and influenced the medical and science field. A new discovery that scientists are looking into are Embryonic Stem Cells†otherwise known as ES Cells. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Embryonic Stem Cells" essay for you Create order While scientists are rushing to observe and experiment with ES Cells, many support the use because of the benefits, while others strongly oppose. ES cells are proven to drastically benefit the medical industry, but the morality of the process of extracting them are questioning and controversial. In this paper, the ethicalness, benefits, and disadvantages of Embryonic STEM cells will be evaluated. To begin with, an embryonic stem cell is a cell that is derived from an early stage human embryo. In order to be harvested, the egg cell must be fertilized by a sperm cell and be less than a week old. According to the National Institutes of Health, scientists discovered ways to derive embryonic stem cells from early mouse embryos more than 30 years ago, in 1981. The biology of mice is similar to humans, so this aided scientists to take a step further in their experiments. After this discovery, scientists discovered a procedure on how to extract stem cells from blastocysts†or a ball of approximately 100 cells that will eventually form an embryo. As humans age, their bones weaken and many cells that are essential for health become inflicted with disease and/ or damaged. According to an article, Cell Division Can Be Halted In Multiple Ways, With Implications For Cancer, published by Brown University, Cellsexcept for cancerous onescannot reproduce forever. When aging cells stop dividing, they become senescent. Senescent cells do not function the way young cells do, and are believed to be associated with skin wrinkles, immune system problems and age-related diseases, including cancer. In this excerpt, the article points out that senescent cells are in connection with reasons for illnesses in the elder population. As organs and muscle cells deteriorate, the functions of the body system are affected. Moreover, the importance of ES Cells is that they have the possibility of being reprogrammed into any cell. When a fertilized egg in the fetus begins rapidly multiplying, the inner cells in the blastocyst can induce to become any spec ific somatic cell or vital organ. Since ES cells have the ability to become body cells, heart cells, nerve cells, and blood cells, scientists believe that this can replace deteriorating cells and possibly cure cancer. The benefits of ES Cells can be limitless in the medical field because stem cells can be a possible source for cell transplants, which will reduce the need for organ donations. Also, because ES cells have the ability to differentiate into vital cells, it introduces new propositions to cure cardiovascular disease and type one diabetes. In the future, doctors will have the opportunity of transplanting stem cells and organs produced by stem cells. Although, ES Cells are exponential and may have the ability to go beyond science and medicine, there are negative aspects that are tied to them. Furthermore, the disadvantages of extracting stem cells from the inner cell of embryo leads to the destruction of the cell. The inner cell of the embryo is essential for life and is needed in order for the human embryo to develop into a fetus. People strongly oppose the use of ES Cells because of the source that it is acquired from, so they see it as an immoral act. There are many other approaches that scientists can take to search for stem cells that include all of the characteristics of the human embryonic stem cells. For instance, new findings have found an abundant amount of stem cells in body fat. According to Susan Lim, adult stem cells can be discovered in our blood, in our bone marrow, in our fat, our skin and other organs. Susan Lim†a surgeon pioneer†has a new proposition for transplanting cells instead of organs. Lim cl aims that instead of using ES cells for use, scientists can use other sources of stem cells for their studies. While ES Cells are highly significant, the ethicalness of the extraction is controversial. The ES Cells discovery will always be a landmark finding, but, unfortunately, ES Cells are unethical, and a new way must be found to enhance human health. The importance of Embryonic Stem Cells will effectively encourage scientists to search for additional procedures for cures. While the possibilities of using ES Cells are fascinatingly endless, scientists must discover other types of STEM cells†with the same characteristics as ES Cells†because the extraction of ES Cells destroys the embryo, which is seen as unethical in the eyes of many. As scientists continue their research, new discoveries will uncover ways to enhance human health.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

The American Mafia, An Italian American Organized Crime...

The American Mafia, an Italian-American organized crime network with operations in cities across the United States, particularly New York and Chicago, rose to power and control through its success in the illegal liquor trade during the 1920s Prohibition era. After Prohibition, the Mafia moved into other criminal missions, from drug trafficking to illegal gambling, while also intruding with labor unions and legal businesses such as construction, and New York’s garment industry. The Mafia’s violent crimes, secret rituals and notorious characters such as Al Capone and John Gotti have captivated the public’s attention and became a part of popular culture. During the final part of the 20th century, the government used anti-racketeering laws to convict high-ranking mobsters and weaken the Mafia. However, it remains in business today (Mafia in the United States). An involvement with the mafia was JFK s Death On November 22, 1963. It was one of the most controversial ass assinations to one of the greatest leaders in America, by the mafia, with the assistance of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that committed the act of treason, in the murder of John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK). There is hard evidence supporting the cover up and scandal involved with his assassination. Due to the confiscation of films and evidence, the citizens of the United States must only know what they are told by the government. The CIA was associated with the mafia and arranged the assassination ofShow MoreRelatedThe Crime Of Organized Crime1649 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I hear the term organized crime, I associate it with â€Å"The Mafia†, â€Å"Scarface†, and â€Å"Cartels†. Organized crime can be defined in a variety of ways. It is an ongoing criminal enterprise that is wisely working to generate profit engaging in illegal activities depending on demand, where its presence is preserve through force, intimidations, and corruption. According to the FBI, organized crime is basically a group of transnational, national, or local alliances of highly centralized enterprises runRead MoreBook Report on The New Ethnic Mob by William Kleinknecht Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent criminals involved in organized crime are no longer just the Italians. He could be Cuban, Chinese, Russian, African-American, Haitian, or Jamaican. These are the new breed of more sophisticated and more brutal organized criminals. In the preface of the book Kleinknecht states not to mistake this work for a case against immigration in the United States. The author does a great job giving background information on how organized crime emerged in the early part of the Read MoreThe Origins Of The American Mafia1711 Words   |  7 PagesSince their beginning, American society has been fascinated with the gangster lifestyle and the American Mafia is no exception to this trend. Mafia themed movies such as Scarface and Goodfellas have proven to be timeless classics. However, the American Mafia goes deeper than the media shows. While they do have the same name, the American Mafia is a group of Italian Americans and is not directly affiliated with the original Sicilian Mafia. The American Mafia is a highly organized and complex nationwideRead MoreAmerica’s Mafia: From Real Life to Big Screen And Back Again 2448 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica’s obsessions with the mafia and mafia-style films have existed for decades. The ability for an audience to connect on a deep level with a character of shady morals and seedy behavior is a requirement for gangster films to be succes sful. Hollywood has been able to successfully take real life mobsters and make them larger than life on the big screen. Though not all mafia films created are taken directly from real life, most movies have some essence of reality buried within the plot. ToRead MoreThe Most Problematic Crimes That Are Polluting Italy s Criminal Justice System1832 Words   |  8 PagesThe most problematic crimes that are polluting Italy’s criminal justice system is corruption, organized crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, and illegal immigration. Corruption creates a fertile ground for organized criminal activities, even terrorism, as criminals are aided in their illegal activities by the complicity of corrupt public officials. If left unchecked, corruption will undermine political, social and economic stability, ultimately threatening the safety and security of society as a wholeRead MoreThe Death Of The Modern American Mafia1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe American underworld reared its h ead for the first time in the late nineteenth century. Since this time new waves of immigrants to the United States, primarily Italian, have facilitated in the rise of organized crime in America. Italian mafia members treated the workings in America as an extension of the Sicilian mafia rather than a new organization. The immigration of the Lucania family from Italy to the United States would be the cause of one of the most drastic changes in the workings of organizedRead MoreThe Origins Of Gang Violence1842 Words   |  8 Pagesby the American Mafia. As years passed, the location of gangs had spread throughout the United States. It once was affiliated with alcohol, but now is affiliated with drugs and the race of the members had changed from European immigrants to hispanics and African Americans. I predict that gang violence will continue to happen and become very progressive over the course of time. Humanities: History- Staff, History Channel â€Å"Mafia in the United States.† History.com, AE Television Networks, 2009Read MoreThe Illegal Drug Business1361 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernments and the mass amount of money that is involved to be profited from in its trade. The government of the United States of America has taken several steps in its history in order to restrict or end drug trafficking in the country. Socially, the American culture has been vastly affected by the introduction of drugs in the system. The stance of the governments that have run the country has been totally against drugs in the last century as the government aims to get rid of the bad social and environmentalRead MoreThe Witness Protection Program and Abandoning Mafioso Lifestyle2212 Words   |  9 Pagesitself at a very young age, but unfortunately your environment did not offer you opportunities to use your good qualities in a positive fashion. However, today, in the field of sales, the same determination that allow ed you to succeed in the world of crime can also allow you to excel as a salesperson. In sales, you have a great deal of autonomy in terms of how you plan your day, as you meet with a variety of customers. You have unlimited earning potential, depending on how hard you are willing to workRead MoreEssay on Organized Crime Wthin The Unit1461 Words   |  6 Pages Organized Crime Within the United States Organized crime is a widespread topic of concern among many Americans due to its popularity in the media and entertainment industry. The public is aware of its existence, yet is not fully aware of why and how this complex â€Å"underworld† exists. In order to fully understand this area of criminology, one must take into account the characteristics of organized crime, the variables that allow organized crime to thrive, its large-scale effects on society, and

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

New Business Plan Free Essays

Project-The New Camp PREPARED FOR BODIRUJJAMAN CONTENTS . †¢ Executive Summary03 †¢ Description of Venture04 †¢ Mission and Vision05 †¢ Market Analysis05 †¢ Competitive Analysis07 †¢ Strategy10 †¢ Services 11 †¢ Marketing Sales13 †¢ Human Resource Plan16 †¢ Customer Service and Support17 †¢ Financial Data19 †¢ Conclusion21 Executive Summary The main purpose and objective of our assignment was to develop a business plan in perspective of our country. The New camp as we want to call it is a camping site that we plan to introduce for the first time in Bangladesh. We will write a custom essay sample on New Business Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea is to provide accommodation services to locals and tourists during peak seasons but in a unique way, that is our services will be based on outdoor activities. During peak seasons, especially the winter season, it is really difficult to get a place to stay in Cox’s bazaar as most hotels and motels are booked by tourists. As a result, many people are unable to spend their holidays in Cox’s Bazaar just because they could not find a place to stay. This is where we want to take the opportunity to capitalize on the situation and provide accommodation services which is going to be much cheaper and affordable for the tourists and other potential local customers. As the set up cost of the venture is Low, we can take the opportunity of cost leadership thus making our business profitable. The business: Description of venture The New camp we want to identify it is a camping site that we plan to bring in for the initially in our country. During peak seasons, it is hard to get a place to stay in Cox’s bazaar as most hotels and motels are booked by tourists. As a result, many people are unable to spend their holidays in Cox’s Bazaar just because they could not find a place to stay. So we want to use this opportunity to take advantage of on the situation and provide accommodation services that is going to be affordable for the tourists and local customers. The set up cost of the venture is low; we can take the prospect of cost leadership as well as profit seeker. The purpose of our business is to provide outdoor accommodation. In order to do so we need to have our own land but since it is very costly to have our own land, we decided to lease the land from the government. Currently to start the business we will take the lease a land which area is 3 bigha at Laboni point, Cox’s Bazaar. Our estimated budget is 30000000 taka. So we need to do the following activities to start the business: ? Lease the land. ? Land development ? Recruit Management employees ? Buying tents of various types – starting off with 60 tents ? Hiring security guards, helpers/care takers ? Chefs ,assistants lifeguards ? Administrative officers in charge of supervision ? Equipment and utensils Logistics other Developments Vision Mission Vision Statement: Our vision is to promote and encourage outdoor activities for families and friends and to become the number one camping resort in Bangladesh. Mission Statement: Customer satisfaction is our top priority and we want to make sure every customer that we will have will be satisfied with our products and services. We want to achieve this feat by providing top quality services by ensuring healthier environment, quality f ood items and spacious tents, outdoor activities within a much cheaper package. Market Analysis Although marketing in tourism sector is competitive, the lifestyle changes created by modern living continue to fuel its steady growth. So competition in this particular sector is increasing day to day in perspective our country. Market segments: Here for our business we divide out market segment according to demographic segmentation that includes age, gender, income and social class. |Age: |Here we are targeting specially certain level of aged people like| | |children’s, teenagers, adults (18 – 45). |Gender: |Our products are purposeful for both male and female gender. | |Income level: |We will not provide such products which is not very much | | |luxurious as well as that not appeal directly to consumers on low| | |incomes. Such incomes level customers whom income level is | | |reasonably priced in terms of our products services. | |Social Class: |For this portion we will choose specially upper and middle class | | |people. | Target Markets Customers: The market for new camp product cover large area of diverse populated groups. Although it will locate in Laboni point near beach, it is an area where people travel and one that is also frequented by tourists. It is also an area known for and catering to the demographic group we are targeting. Here our target customers are Students, families and couples. So through this we categorize our customers up to certain segments: | |Students |Families |Couples | |Customer Characteristics |Limited buying power. |Affordable buying power. |Maximum level of buying power. | |Customer needs |Well accommodation facilities. Accommodation conveniences. |Better accommodation, safety and | | |Better and unique recreational |Tourism related facilities and |honeymoon related services. | | |activities. |Securities. | | |Customer buying decision | |Try to get minimum benefit at an |Try to get maximum level of benefits | | |Low cost products services. |affordable price. |at an affordable price. | Competitive Analysis: â€Å"The new competition is not between what companies produce in their factories, but between what they add to their factory output in the form of packaging, services, advertising, customer advice, financing, delivery arrangements, warehousing, and other things that people value. † An industry is the manufacturing of a good or service within a category. The New Camp is considering under tourism industry and it will be a medium size industry. This business is starting as a partnership or joint venture business. The main goal of this business is to provide tourism related outdoor facilities for friends and families with in local foreign tourists. As we are stating these sort of business for the first time in perspective of our country in a sense the market will be monopoly. But in other sense here there are lot hotels and motels providing almost same facilities so we can call the make as well as oligopoly. If we are going to start our business in Cox’s Bazaar for New camp there are many competitors specially the hotels. But primarily competitors are Hotel Sea Palace, Hotel Corel reef, Hotel Holy day and Sea Hill Guest House. Now individual analysis of each competitors is very complex because on might have one step ahead in one factor and another might have one step ahead in another on the other hand the total description of each competitors will be very lengthy. To make this analysis more fruitful we develop a table where the primary 4 competitor’s names are mentioned with some key factors. New Camp as a base for comparison, the table is given below: Name |New Camp |Hotel Sea Palace |Hotel Corel Reef |Hotel Holy Day |Sea Hill Guest | | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |House | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | |Factors | | | | | | |Target customer |Middle, Upper class. | |Upper and Middle |Middle class |Middle- lower | | | |Upper-top Class |Class. | |class. | |Price Level |Comparatively Low |Too High |High |Medium |Low medium | |Specially For |Local foreign tourists|Local specially |Local and for eigners |Local tourists. Local peoples | | |with friends and family |foreigners. |with family | | | | |facility. | |facilities. | | | |Promotional |Website, Television |Website, Local |Website, Billboards. |Local newspapers. |unknown | |Activity | newspaper |Newspaper, | | | | | |advertisement, Campaign,|Billboards. | | | | | |Billboard. | | | | | |Accommodation, Foods, |Accommodation, |Accommodation, |Only Accommodation |Accommodation. | | |Rest room with warm bath|Foods, GYM, Swimming|Restaurants, Room |Facility. | | | |space, Party space, Camp|pools, Bill board. |service | | | |Products |Fire, Outdoor Movie |Bar. | | | | |Services |theater etc. | | | | | |Distance from |Laboni point near beach. 1 km from beach |1 km from sea beach |2 km from beach |1 km from beach | |beach | | | | | | SWOT Analysis: SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a business venture. It involves specifying the objecti ve of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. We are mentioning the SWOT analysis of new camp through a table, which will give a perfect view and in a glance all the factors can be analyze through this table: |SWOT analysis |Factors |Internal | |S (Strengths) |Ensuring quality product services with all tourism facilities. | | |Online service facilities. | | |Affordable price within customer’s income level. | | |Administrative office locally and in the capital. | | |Providing service for both local and foreign tourists. | | |Psychological price (Ex. Tk 695). | |W (Weaknesses) |Lack of proper training, we are offering part -time jobs for some employees. | | |Target customer (especially middle and upper class people). |External | |O (Opportunities) |Public relations (Donation, allow part-time jobs for students). | | |Building image by organizing conferences in different di stricts. | | |Now consumers are aware of quality products services and New camp can assures quality with 0 defect | | |policy. | |T (Threats) |Competitors – Hotels like Corel reef, Hotel Sea Palace. | | |Any natural calamities or disasters. | | |Government inconvenience. | | |Chances in price war with its close competitors. | Strategy: For the attraction and make it valuable to the potential customers we are going to follow two types of strategies according to Porters Generic strategies. One is Cost leadership strategies and another is Differentiation strategies. In the following how we can implement in our business are explain briefly: Cost leadership strategies: To make our product and services competitive among the competitors we will go for the cost leadership strategies. Companies that choose a cost-leadership strategy offer relatively standardised products with features or characteristics that are acceptable to customers in other words, with a minimum level of differentiation–at the lowest competitive price. This means that companies offer standardised products to an industry’s typical customer. Customers receive value when a company successfully implements a cost leadership strategy. We are going implement this strategy by following Points: †¢ Building efficient-scale facilities. †¢ Establishing tight control of production and overhead costs. †¢ Minimising the costs of sales, product research and development, and service. Differentiation strategies: We will differentiate the products someway in order to compete successfully. Like for accommodation facilities we are proving tents that really differentiate from our close competitors. We are going to implement this strategy by following some aspects: ? By cost differentiation. Same product and service in diverse form. ? Providing exceptional services. Like all the facilities means products and services in one price. Services: Here we will divide our products and services into two portions one is regular basis and spec ial. So the packages we are going to offer here we will count it as a special for the peak season and all other services for regular basis. Services: According to our business type we categorize our service into three types. They are Couples package, Family package and Friendly package. ? Couples package: Couples package is that tent for two people with other services. This package will cost 1500 taka per day with all services. Under this package normally we will offer food for breakfast, lunch, dinner and other services like party places, rest room area etc. For this package in extra we will also provide 2 round free Jet Ski rides and free movie tickets. ? Family package: Family package is that tent for four to six people with related services. For this package we decide to take 2000 taka per day. Here we will provide all the services as usual with play ground for children and 1 BBQ dinner for whole family. But we will afford a service as bonus that is free movie tickets for outdoor movie theater. ? Friendly Package: Friendly package is that tent for six to eight people. In favor of this package we will come to a decision for the cost is 2300 taka per day by provides all the services. As we are going to start the business for the first time as a bonus here also we will provide some services that are free movie tickets, free Jet Ski rides for 2 rounds, free entry to one DJ party, 1 BBQ dinner free. Additional Services: ? Breakfast – Fruits, eggs, pancakes, bread and jam, fresh juices, cold drinks, and other beverages etc. ? Lunch – Fast foods like burgers, hotdogs, French fries, sandwiches/ Indian cuisine/ Bangladeshi cuisine. ? Dinner – BBQ/ Thai cuisine/ Chinese cuisine. ? Refreshments- tea, coffee, soft drinks, mineral water, fresh fruit juice. For the purpose of recreation and excitement we will make available some other services related with tourism. Other services are: †¢ Rest room area with swimming pool †¢ Camp fire †¢ Party Space †¢ Jet skis †¢ Children’s play ground †¢ Outdoor movie theater According to our product and services we are going to provide to fulfill the need of local and foreign tourist in Cox’s Bazaar during the peak season because it is difficult to get the room services and other facilities. As it’s a new business in perspective of Bangladesh completely a new experience for our countries people specially. Also able to accomplish all the purpose at a time they are living, recreation, low cost facilities and new experience in comparison to other providers. That’s how make our product competitive and unique. During this time in Cox’s Bazaar people have to pay only the room service in this amount what we are going to provide in our products with other services. So in that point of view by maintaining 30% profit margin in total and these products services competitively it is healthy situation for us. In viewpoint of Bangladesh all the time it is pretty much difficult to get the license from government to lunch a business, also transportation problems and sometimes difficult to necessary materials too. So we are hoping to face these sorts of obstacles to start out business with these products and services. Marketing Sales Here we target people as our customers mainly college university student, families couples, foreigners and In focusing on the unique aspect of our product service theme and customer a mix of marketing vehicles will be created to convey our presence, our image and our massage. So in the following we are showing the mediums will be use to market our product: ? Print media: We will use print media as our first choice to implement the marketing of our product. As a print media we will go to use Newspapers, Magazines and Student publications. ? Broadcast media: We will broadcast local programming and interest shows as a promotional activity through television and radio advertisement. ? Web: We will build our own website with online booking systems; other details will include contact info, package and service info and price details. ? Trade shows: We will campaign in different universities and colleges in Bangladesh. Through which we can make our product and services notorious to people. ? Miscellaneous: We will use some other intermediates for the purpose of promotion like billboards, seminars, one to one sales and leaf lets. A public relations firm has been retained to create special events and solicit print and broadcast coverage, especially at the start-up. For this purpose our budgeted cost will be 800000 Taka per year at the start. Sales Tactics: Selling and sales results are pretty clear cut: you get what you put into your sales efforts. If your employees are unhappy, or if you do little to sell your product, you’ll likely do just that: sell little of your product. So for the sales purpose of our product and service we develop the sales tactics through using the 4P of marketing. |Product: |As we are going to stat such a business that is related to tourism so our products services are | | |designed such a way that is related to this particular industry. Most important as a tactic is the | | |things we will provide some products that are never before introduced in perspective of Bangladesh and | | |it varies from its primary competitors. So it is completely new and people will really appreciate to | | |take such initiative experience. |Place: |We will provide such facilities through our website and our administrative office they can easily make | | |sure their booking. So for these purpose we develop websites of our own and two administrative offices | | |in Dhaka as well as in Cox’s bazaar initially. | |Promotion: |For make our product aware we are using varieties of promotional activities that already motioned. We | | |will make sure kn own to all level of customers. | |Price: |We are going to offer such price which is really affordable for the customers in terms of locals and | | |foreigners too. That really differs from the particular competitors. | Promotion Mix: A successful product or service means nothing unless the benefit of such a service can be communicated clearly to the target market. So to make our product service attractive we create the following promotional mix: |Types of Promotion |Explanation | |Advertising: |Here we are using non personal paid form of communication some sort of mass media like Radio, | | |Television and billboard. | |Public relations: |We will pay intimate stimulation of supply for a product service by planting significant news | | |about it or a favorable presentation of it in the media. Like Newspaper, Magazines and Student | | |publications. | |Personal selling: |As we will selling our product one to one that is persuading one or more prospects to purchase a| | |good or service or to act on any idea through the use of an oral presentation. | |Sales promotion: |To market our product we will go for campaign in different educational institution that is Media| | |and non-media marketing communication are employed for a pre-determined, limited time to | | |increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. |Internet marketing: |Also we will promote our products and services through our own website with contact info, | | |package and service info and price details. | Human Resource Plan: In contest of our business we have to operate a lot of activities to make our product services available to the customers. To operate the whole business we need the following employees: |Post |Number of vacancy |Skills required |Roles responsibilities |E ducation experience | |Security guards |10 |Able to communicate well, |Providing safety |Minimum class 8 with 1 year | | | |able deal with crowd people,|securities |experience. | | |must willing to work day or | | | | | |night shift. | | | |Chefs assistant |6 |Better communication |Helping cooking work , |Minimum education up to HSC | | | |abilities with customers. |serving ordering food |with 1-2 year experience. | |Life guards |6 |Must have excellent oral and|Monitor the day-to-day |Job experience 2 years with | | | |written communication |operations of the beach, |minimum education up to HSC. | | |skills, must be familiar |Create a fun and socially | | | | |with sea beach program |rewarding environment for | | | | |procedure |our Members and their Guests| | | | | |etc | | |Musicians |2 |Operate dJ instruments |Make a chill out parties. At least educated and | | | | | |experience 2-3 year | |Care takers |20 |Must have skill specially |Cleaning, maintenance and |Minimum educati on class 8 | | | |maintaining equipments. |other management | | | | | |responsibilities. | | We will advertise into particular print Medias like newspaper and monthly magazines to recruit these categories of people. For any particular post and job they have to contact in our administrative offices with necessary documents on HRM department. Customer service/ supports: For better customer service we will ensure some quality management that adds value to our products and services to satisfy our customers. In the following these points are given: ? We will give the customer satisfaction as top priority by providing quality products services. ? Continuous improvement of our products and services ? Proper maintenance of play grounds, movie theaters, dance floors and toilets. ? Foods will be cooked with healthy oil. ? Securities and lifeguards will be available 24/7. Equipments: To support our potential customers we need following Tents, ovens, official furniture’s, large LCD monitor, umbrellas, Commercial Mt Rainier Structure, Spring Whale Spring Rider, Table 30†³ Magna Surface Mount, jet skies, swimming pool related equipments etc. Purchasing: As we have to provide all this products and services as package for customer satisfaction so to make it available all the purchasing items we will con tact or have agreement with particular suppliers. |Categories |Suppliers | |Raw food stuffs |Agora super shop, Chittagong | Development: In the terms of development we need to build up some infrastructure like swimming pool, party place with necessary equipments, rest room areas with well potential stuffs etc. Organization Structure Financial Data: Promoters Investment or Owners Equity is 12000000 taka and total Contribution Margin 40%. Rest of the money will be apply for bank loan taka 18000000. In total 30000000 taka authorized capital. Estimated Projected list |Column1 |Column2 |Column3 |Column4 | |Lease for 3 years |10000000 |(Approximately) |41. 67% | |Land Development |1500000 |(Approximately) |6. 5% | |Fixed Setup |5000000 |(Approximately) |20. 83% | |Logistics |1000000 |(Approximately) |4. 17% | |Marketing Cost |1500000 |(Approximately) |6. 25% | |Modern Technology |4000000 |(Approximately) |16. 67% | |machineries | | | | |Working Capital |1000000 |(Approximately) |4. 17% | |Total |24000000 | |100. 00% | Income Statement Column1 |Column2 |Column3 |Column4 | | |2012 |2013 |2014 | |Turnover: | | | | |Regular |21600000 |27540000 |31590000 | |Special |9800000 |11466000 |15750000 | |Net Turnover |31400000 |39006000 |47340000 | |Operating Expenses: | | | | |Stuff employee Cost |6000000 |7000000 |8000000 | |Marketing Cost |800000 |700000 |600000 | |Maintenance Cost |1000000 |1000000 |1000000 | |Accumulated Depreciation |835000 |835000 |835000 | |Rent Cost |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 | |EBIT |19431666. 67 |26137666. 67 |33571666. 67 | |Financial Expences |9858192 |9858192 |9858192 | |EBT |9573474. 67 |16279474. 67 |23713474. 67 | |Tax Exp. 20%) |1914694. 934 |3255894. 934 |4742694. 934 | |Net Income |7658779. 736 |13023579. 74 |18970779. 74 | Notes: Turnover – Regular (500*270* Number of customers) Special (1500+2000+2300)* 90* (Number of customers) Break Even Analysis |Column1 |Column2 |Column3 |Column4 | | |2012 |2013 |2014 | |Net Turnover |21826525. 33 |22726525. 33 |23626525. 3 | |Operating Expenses: | | | | |Stuff Cost |6000000 |7000000 |8000000 | |Marketing Cost |800000 |700000 |600000 | |Maintenance Cost |1000000 |1000000 |1000000 | |Accumulated Depreciation |835000 |835000 |835000 | |Rent Cost |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 |3333333. 33 | |EBIT |9858192 |9858192 |9858192 | |Financial Expenses |9858192 |9858192 |9858192 | |EBT |0 |0 |0 | |Tax Exp. |0 |0 |0 | |Net Income |0 |0 |0 | Conclusion: If we are able to successfully set up this business, we believe we could bring an exciting change and make tourism in Bangladesh Cox’s Bazaar more fun and interesting. We want our potential customers to have the utmost fun and make sure they check out of The New Camp with a smile in their face. This is just the start of our new adventure and we want to add more features like a shelter booth for our customers during storms and disasters and attractions like paragliding and scuba diving. Appended Part: NOTES ? Monopoly: A monopoly is a market condition in which a single seller controls the entire output of a particular good or service. A firm is a monopoly if it is the sole seller of its product and if its product has no close substitutes. Oligopoly: An oligopoly is a market condition in which a firm is doing business not with the same product and service like your business but those products services serve the same purpose similar to your product. ? Psychological price: Psycho logical pricing or price ending is a marketing practice based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. The retail prices are often expressed as â€Å"odd prices†: a little less than a round number, e. g. 19. 99 Taka. REFERENCES ? Joseph T. Straub Raymond F. Attner, 2006, Introduction to Business, 2nd edition, Kent Publishing Company, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ? Philip Kotler Kevin Lane Keller, 2006, Marketing Management, 12th edition, Prentice – Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. ? William J. Stevenson, 2005, Operations Management, 8th edition, McGraw Hill Companies Inc, Avenues of Americas, New York, USA. ? James C. Van Horne John M Wachowicz JR, 2001, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 12th edition, Prentice Hall Inc Financial times, Edinburg Gate, Harlow Essex, England. ? Fred R. David, 2009, Strategic Management Concepts Cases, 12th edition, Prentice – Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. [pic] ———————– Chairman Vice Chairperson Vice Chairman Director Director Director Managing Director Deputy Managing Director Deputy Managing Director Manager (management) Operation Administration Accounting Finance Marketing How to cite New Business Plan, Essay examples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

In the 18th century, there was a period that we called Neo classicism Essay Example For Students

In the 18th century, there was a period that we called Neo classicism Essay In the 18th century, there was a period that we called Neo classicism. In this period most of all paintings had the same characteristic which are dark and simple background colors, very masculine, stressed heroism, frieze, sharp edges, more geometric and flat. As we seen in Jean Ingres paintingaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ The Turkeys Slave, we could see from the simple background and the very sharp edges of her body. Comparing to the classical period, one of the murals that I found around the campus. I decided to use the mural designed by Grant Wood which title is Breaking the Prairie Sod to be one example which have the same characteristic with the classical period even though it had painted in the 19th century. This mural is locate at the main floor east lobby of Parks Library. Actually this mural depicts the breaking of Iowas virgin soil in the early 1840s with a woman standing beside a man who is drinking out of a jug while his hand rests on the handle of a wooden plow. There are dramatic cloud formations behind them and a view across the field and prairie. And this mural symbolized a lot of things that I never thought before for example; the man in the picture, presented in youth, middle age and maturity, represents Abraham Lincoln, who signed the Morrill Act that founded land-grant educational institutions of which Iowa State is one. Lincolns presence also sends a strong message to students who view the mural, that with hard work, dedication, honesty and education, that they too could grow up to become president of the United States. I choose this mural become my comparison because this mural has a lot of common with the classical period. The man here represent the masculine manly and sort of heroism things, even though the background color is clear and bright but its so simple background and has a lot of sharp edges and geometric line. Because of it was painted on the 19th century so its not really classical. Also at the same time with the Classical period there was another artist whose name is Eugene Delacroix, he was a famous painter who painted The Death of Sardanapalus this period we called the romantic period. At this time the characteristic of painting was changing, at this moment the painting more expressed the emotion of the painter, sublime it means that the picture makes us flow into the picture, seems like we feel that we are include or feel what was going on in the picture , its also have 3 main contents ; the earth, water, and sky air and more natural. For the comparison, I choose the mural which drawn by Heggen, Richard. The title of his mural is Water, Land, and Sky it was painted on 1984 and the medium is watercolor. In this painting we could see the landscape scene with sky above green fields and a view of lake shoreline and lake in front. This mural has a lot of common with the romantic period, first it has the 3 main contents which already shown from the titleaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ water, land, and sky, this painting represent a calm situation, very quite, and so peaceful. I think romantic style more shown in the landscape painting, because a landscape painting show us more about nature, peaceful world, etc. I like romantic style more than the classical style, I like something that very peaceful not a manly thing which the classical style characteristic.

Thursday, April 2, 2020

A Modest Proposal ‘Satire Is Characterized as Much by Wit and Outrageousness as by Moral Condemnation Essay Example

A Modest Proposal: ‘Satire Is Characterized as Much by Wit and Outrageousness as by Moral Condemnation Paper ‘Satire is characterized as much by wit and outrageousness as by moral condemnation’. Do you agree? Satire is the preferred tool of a voice with an axe to grind. In the right hands it can cleave a devastating blow. No matter how black or macabre the subject is, humour has its part to play. It is my intention to use Swifts, A modest Proposal to examine the relationships of the various aspects associated within the use of satire. Jonathon Swift had already achieved some success and notoriety as a satirist with his anonymously produced letters, as the Drapier. sic) (Published in 1724) He also of course, had his satirical and witty Gulliver’s Travels published in 1725. Dr Swift’s: A modest proposal was written in the year 1729. It is an extremely ironic paper, which has been written against a period of harsh times, for the Irish under class. It is set in a climate of economic gloom and crop failure, all leading to an outbreak of famine. It is a situation that w as to leave a divide between the Irish Nation. Resulting with the poor being abandoned to fend for themselves. The whole situation was made worse by the lack of employment. The affluent, predominately Anglican land owners, had in the main, made themselves absent, and were living in relative affluence and luxury in England. Dr Swift’s intent was to highlight the plight of these poor unfortunate creatures, in a most audacious and controversial pamphlet. Dr Swift’s pamphlet has an authenticity that could confuse the sense of reality; however as a work of fiction, for that is what it is, humour is present in all its forms, wicked, sarcastic and mocking. The proposal itself goes on to suggest an outrageous and despicable plan that reveals it to be a dark and sinister resolution, purported to benefit the Irish poor. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal: ‘Satire Is Characterized as Much by Wit and Outrageousness as by Moral Condemnation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal: ‘Satire Is Characterized as Much by Wit and Outrageousness as by Moral Condemnation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Modest Proposal: ‘Satire Is Characterized as Much by Wit and Outrageousness as by Moral Condemnation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer More importantly, it is also to be an economic solution that will be of benefit to the gentlemen to whom he is lobbying. The author’s ultimate aim is to convince the reader, that he has the solution to resolve all the problems associated with the poor and starving Irish. Not only that, it will also be of financial benefit for the already affluent classes. He assumes the persona of one who has a mission; he is out to relieve the plight of Ireland. He intends to demonstrate that the poor citizen’s natural assets are indeed their very own flesh and blood. He can with his simple modest proposal, cure all the ills to the benefit of all, in an impoverished and beleaguered country, Ireland. The question is, would we be able to read and accept A Modest Proposal without the acknowledgement of its witty, satirical content? Dr Swift’s modest proposal was a shock tactic, to expose the predicament that the poor and homeless Irish were in. He asks his readers to suspend reality, while he makes merriment out of the plight of the Irish under class, and lampoons their overseers, the mainly wealthy gentlemen. Despite the repulsive subject matter, Dr Swift managed to maintain, what is a sarcastic and ironic delivery in the transcript of his A Modest Proposal. The concerned Dr Swift takes an authoritative lead; that is tempered with a concerned and considerate voice. He is talking on behalf of all like minded gentlemen, who have to bear the sight of the beggars of the female sex, with their numerous children in tow. We can imagine the unfortunate gents, who are forced to endure the task of making their way past the pathetic figures, draped in their rags. The gents in their finery, with a scented handkerchief pressed to their flared nostrils, having to dodge the numerous extended arms, all with pitiable brats attached. With the wailing mothers, all of whom are pleading for alms. It is a dilemma that even the contemporary reader of today can associate and sympathise with, as we weave our way through the ever growing collection of buskers, homeless and the endless line of registered charity collectors. We are told by Dr Swift, that the mothers’ options not to work, are due to the handicap of having so many children. However, he also makes the point that it is a lack of work that determines the non existence of a future for the children. There is a mocking tone to his observations. Do we feel for the suffering that is being observed, or take some pleasure from the delicious image of these silk clad gents’ scurrying by? Swift takes care not to make it clear on where our concerns should lie. Are these prodigious numbers of children in fact an addition to the country’s problems, or pitiable victims of a society that seems to have failed them? He proclaims his solution will make them sound and useful members of the commonwealth. For these children, it sounds as if he has an attractive alternative to offer for their future. It appears that the concerned Dr Swift may have a viable and acceptable solution to the problems of the Irish poor that will strike a common cause. It is with an audacious sense of ironic humility; that he suggests anyone who can come up with such a solution, should have a statue erected in his honour. In his first paragraph, Dr Swift has set the atmosphere of why we should be accepting that this proposal is in jest. It is revealed we have two sets of protagonists, one group pitiful, and the other hard to pity. i] Dr Swift maintains a tone that prepares to convince the reader, with an expansion of his proposal. He delivers an apparent piece of hearsay providence, that assurances have been received by merchants (unknown), that when it comes to consider the possibility in dealing with the consumption of children, it is of no apparent consequence or problem. Indeed the language is of a dealer , who has knowledge of his trade. The talk is of boys and girls of 12 years of age. They are described as a salable (sic) commodity. We are to imagine that some form of market research has determined that the cost of rearing them is not of a profitable nature. It is not that to eat them is the issue, but the fact that it is at their age, they are not as profitable as babies. However, Swift is making a mockery out of the situation by exposing that it is a business like decision, with consideration and concern over profit, and not out of any remorse or kindness towards the unfortunate children. Swift has mockingly exposed that reward and profit is the ultimate objective, in any dealings with the Irish poor problem. He is not of course advocating the actual consumption of babies, but is using an ironic tactic, to show such is the gulf that has developed between the rich and the poor, that to even, [just for a brief second] contemplate such a proposal, could be an acceptable solution. It is with a further witty sense of irony that Dr Swift backs his proposal by introducing, what we are asked to believe is a further voice of reason. He has received assurances from a very perceptive American that is an acquaintance, who gives witness that a well nursed baby is in fact a most delicious, nourishing and wholesome food. He comes across as an eighteenth century Loyd Grossman, delivering appetizing recipes, all for the discerning Gentlemen hosts to impress their guest at dinner parties with. The tempting recipe suggestions come with options to stew, roast, bake or boil. With the further advice that served as a fricassee or ragout would be equally as good. The irony is that the intended quarry, are all at deaths door victims of starvation. Also the elaborate banquets, of which the infantile flesh is the main ingredient, are a feast that is beyond their purse and imagination. Dr Swift declines to give any background, or information as to how this entleman came about his knowledge. One can only wonder that the consumption of babies is a common occurrence within in the American colonies, or that he has just chanced upon a deprived cannibal. [ii] The eminent Dr Swift now sums up his proposal. He demonstrates how reasonable he is. It is with an acid wit he explains, he is not so violently bent on his own op inions, that he would not consider alternatives. He asks if any wise men can find a commodity that is equally innocent, cheap, easy, and effectual. He has reminded us that we are considering the slaying of babies that will be as lambs to the slaughter. However, to those who may think that they have alternatives, he presents this counsel. A tirade of facts is given, one hundred thousand worthless beings to cloth and feed, these added to a million of creatures in human form. It is a list, which encapsulates the Irish poor, all of which struggle to no end. Their existence is such that they are as beggars. Dr Swift offers a satirical challenge; that those who do not like what is being proposed should face up to the victims, and ask if their life is so worthless, that they could sell their children for food. In doing so he outlines the hopelessness of their situation. Sarcastically the blame is placed on the absent landlords, for all problems of the vagrant mothers, and their children. Worst of all is the realisation that all they have to pass on to their offspring is perpetual suffering. The irony is that they have already been sold out by the eminent Gents, to who this challenge is put. He has thrown down a heavily weighted moral gauntlet. Using such a high handed satirical tone, he is exposing the exploitation and selfish attitude of the rich landlords, and land owners, who have exploited these poor Irish into their desperate situation. iii] Dr Swift has one more trick up his sleeve, for those that have reached the end, and still harboured thoughts of some validity within the proposal. He proclaims with a voice of genuine humility, that he has promoted this cause, without thought of any financial gain; he has only one desire, to promote his country and mitigate the poor problem. He unassumingly explains how he had no alternative purpose, withou t any thoughts of exploiting for personal profit his idea. He is humble in his submission, that it is only for the good of the country, and the advancement of the poor that motivates him. As an aside, he explains that he has no children of value, and his wife is of an age that renders her unsuitable as a breeder. With this pompous tongue firmly encased within his cheek, Dr Swift brings to a close his proposal. The final paragraph of his proposal endorses that the whole pamphlet is a farce. Dr Swift has used his caustic ink to highlight the plight of his lowly, unfortunate countrymen. He directs a mocking finger of ridicule at the reader in the hope they perceive what others have refused to, or failed to see. iv] I believe that Swifts’ use of wit and outrageousness, offset by his moral condemnation in, A Modest Proposal, is as fine a model of how satire, with its many facets, can deliver the intended result of any satirist. It serves as an example that there should be no divisions choosing how to compose satire. Swift has demonstrated by this piece of work that all of the elements of satire can be blended, to deliver an entertaining and amusing prose that is als o highlighting a moral injustice. Satire has the ability to encompass a moral tone that challenges us to question what is being proposed. Swift was challenging the system by mocking it to the extreme, satire should not, nor cannot be so restrained as to impose a prerequisite upon it that will stifle the intention. I for one believe that satire can be characterized as much by wit and outrageousness, as by moral condemnation. But none of these elements should have precedent, or be compulsory, to any sarcastic prose. For if satire is to be so restrained in its design, it cannot truly be satire. Bibliography (2009 10). In Ways of Reading 1: Forms and Approaches. Beaumont, C. A. (1961). In C. A. Beaumont, Swifts Classic Rhetoric. Athens Georgia: University Georgia Press . Swift, J. (2009). A Modest Proposal . In C. Fabricant, A Modest Proposal and Other Writings (p. 230 239). Penguin Classics. Swift, J. (2006). A Modest Proposal. In N. Anthology, English Literture Eighth Edition V1 (pp. 1284. 2462 2468). New York. London: W. W Norton Company. [i] Extracts from A Modest Proposal para 1 [ii] Extracts from A Modest Proposal para 4, 5 [iii] Extracts from A Modest Proposal para 19 [iv] Extracts from A Modest Proposal para 20

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Investigate the erosive characteristics of targets using a centrifugal accelerator erosion tester The WritePass Journal

Investigate the erosive characteristics of targets using a centrifugal accelerator erosion tester REFERENCES Investigate the erosive characteristics of targets using a centrifugal accelerator erosion tester ABSTRACTChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Overview:1.2 Erosive wear of pneumatic conveying systems1.3 Project Aim and ObjectivesAim:Objectives:1.4 Project and its scopeCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Overview2.2 History of wear concept2.3 Basic concepts of erosive wear2.4 Mechanisms of wear test2.5 Factors effecting the erosive wear2.6 Test facilities and conditions2.6.1 Wear Test facilities2.6.2 Test condition for erosive wear impact2.6.3 Centrifugal accelerator erosive tester2.6.4 Glass-blast erosive wear test2.6.5 Measurement of wear 2.6.6 Measurement of solid particle velocity in erosive wear2.7 SummaryCHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY3.1 Overview3.2 Experimental requirements3.3 Test facilities3.3.1 Centrifugal accelerator tester3.3.2 Description of tabular feeder system3.3.3 Description of Double Disc Velocity meter3.3.4 Tachometer3.3.5 Mechanical sieves3.3.6 Ultrasonic bath for clean the targets3.4 Description of test materials3.4.1 Specimen (Mild steel)3.4.2 Olivine sand3.5 Test conditions for im pacting erosion wear3.7 SummaryCHAPTER 4 Calibrations of Impact Conditions4.1 Overview4.2 Calibration of exit angle of particle jet, particle velocity and speed of the rotating disc:[S2]4.2.1 Calculation of exit angles and particle velocity4.2.2 Calculations of impact conditions of centrifugal erosion tester:4.2.3 Calibration of exit angles of particles, particle velocity, speeds of rotating disc.[S3]4.3 Design of target holders for mild steelChapter 5: Experimental procedureOverview:Procedure:5.1 overview:5.2 Experimental resultsChapter 7 Discussion of Results:6.1 Overview:6.2 Erosion rate with respect to Impact angles:6.3 Erosion rate with respect to velocity of the particle:6.4 ConclusionsCHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONSCHAPTER 8 Future workREFERENCESRelated ABSTRACT Erosive wear is the phenomenon of removal of the surface of any component basing on different conditions due to high-speed impact of solid, liquid or gaseous particles. It is a common occurrence on most plant and machineries and manufacturing industries. The phenomenon of erosive wear has been studied for many years, and still research is going on the material-related aspects of particle impact erosion. Different laboratory testing methods were used to determine the erosion resistance of all eroded materials. In order to predict the erosive wear rate during the erosion test, some major properties such as effect of erosion parameters, effect of abrasive particle characteristics were investigated. The Aim of the project was to continue the work done by scholars and to investigate erosive characteristics of targets by using a small centrifugal accelerator erosion tester.   The present project focuses on the erosion of ductile materials particularly mild steels as these are used in pneumatic conveyor plants where some of the most severe erosion problem occurs. An experimental process was conducted with olivine sand, mild steel as hitting and target specimens to calculate the erosion rate. During the experimental process a study was made to calculate the specific wear rate and analyse the wear properties under different testing conditions. The report presented gives the detailed description of experimental process along with description of materials and tools used. Also report gives detailed analysis of relations of wear properties and rates of relations. Finally future works which could be possible are discussed in the report. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Overview: Wear is a progressive loss of substance resulting from mechanical interaction between two contacting surfaces, it is a common occurrence on most plant and machineries and manufacturing industries. In 1997, a survey of wear problems and costs in UK industry indicated that a typical average cost due to wear was about 0.25 percent of company turnover [4] [5]. Wear can be abrasion, erosion, corrosion or other chemical reaction, appearance of failed surfaces (e.g. cracking, melting, phase transformation) etc But processes involving erosive wears where there is an involvement of particle size, particle velocity, angle of incidence, and particle distribution are more effective than others. 1.2 Erosive wear of pneumatic conveying systems Erosion involves the mass removed from the surface of any component at different conditions due to high-speed impact of solid particle or a liquid particle. Generally the erosive wear sizes between 5 and 500 microns by causing the particles. (W-1) [3]. Today, many engineering industrial plants are facing the situation of the erosion wear. Phenomenon of erosive wear has been studied for many years, and still research is going on the material-related aspects of particle impact erosion. There is a certain need for the analysis of wear process, before defining the exact problem. As stated earlier wear can be abrasion, erosion, corrosion or other chemical reaction, appearance of failed surfaces (e.g. cracking, melting, phase transformation etc.). The types of wear process will be able to tell what kind of testing is needed to find the wear problem. Sliding friction, erosion testing processes which involve surface fatigue can be modelled at a reduced scale. But processes involving abrasive wears, erosive wear where there is an involvement of particle size, particle velocity, angle of incidence, and particle distribution should be modelled at full scale. This can only happen with an appropriately designed test, and it will be carried out in specially designed erosion testers which involve impact of a stream of particles agai nst a test sample. In order to predict the erosive wear rate during the erosion test, some following major aspects have been investigated (3 progress) [6]. Size and shape of particle Material Properties of the target Impact conditions (Impact angle, impact velocity) Particle concentration on the target. Now a day’s Different laboratory testing methods are used to determine the erosion resistance of all eroded materials. But the main challenge lies in the prediction of correct test conditions which should be adopted during the test. Current project study will involve calibration of test conditions such as particle velocities and impact angles to the targets. The work was mostly concentrated on erosive characteristics of ductile materials used in pneumatic conveyor plants where erosive problems occur most often. As mild steel is a commonly used ductile material in conveyor plants it was chosen as the target material and centrifugal accelerator type erosion tester was used to find the wear characteristics. 1.3 Project Aim and Objectives Aim: The Aim of the project is to continue the work done by those scalars and to investigate erosive characteristics determination of mild steel targets by using a small centrifugal erosion tester.   The present project focuses on the erosion of ductile materials particularly mild steels as these are used in pneumatic conveyor plant where some of the most severe erosion problem occurs. The experiment will be carried out with some of effective erosive wear factors. Objectives: The project has been divided in to several objectives. The main objectives of this project are listed below Calibration of impact conditions on a centrifugal erosion tester Controlling the impact characteristics for pre-set test condition Determination of erosive wear for mild steel targets Relationship between erosion rates for different impact conditions. 1.4 Project and its scope   The main purpose of the project was to determine the erosive wear which is a serious problem in the pneumatic conveyors. Here in this project an attempt was made to calculate erosive wear rate in the mild steel target material using the olivine sand as the eroded material. The results obtained from the experiment can be used for minimising the erosion rate in the mild steel made pneumatic conveyors. Also the work done can be taken as a guideline for several future works in the field of erosive wear.    CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview Ample of research has been carried out in the area of erosive wear impact on plant and machineries and manufacturing industries. The theoretical concepts obtained from different references such as journals, websites, papers and books which are directly or indirectly related to the project are presented in this chapter. 2.2 History of wear concept Erosive Wear is the concept which is not new to the manufacturing industry, it was first proposed in 17th century. Till 18th century until Osborne Reynolds paper on hydrodynamic lubrication it was not well known in manufacturing industry. In the paper author explained the causes of wear and need for lubrication for the first time. Gradual progress was made from 18th century and now days it has emerged as important factor in any manufacturing industry. 2.3 Basic concepts of erosive wear Removal of material from the surface of the solid body is known as wear. Wear may combine effects of various physical and chemical processing preceding the friction between two contracting materials. obtained result was micro-cutting, micro-ploughing,  Plastic deformation, cracking,  fracture,  welding, melting, chemical interaction(w-2)[11]. Before the start of project it is necessary to know the all basic concepts of wear. Definition of wear coefficient K. (Lb-2) [12]K= Where V=volume worn away L= total sliding distance W=applied load Erosive wear occur due to the impact of number of small particles on the surface of the any mechanical object. Generally erosive wear is caused by the particles of sizes between 5 and 500 microns. Surfaces are impacted by continuous stream of hard particles which is known as particle erosion (11) [3]. One of such major place where erosion occurs is pneumatic conveyors, which may result in punctuation of conveyor bends or dust problem if the bends are penetrated. The main effects of the erosive wear are (2) [13]. Dimensional changes Leakage Lower efficiency Generated particles contribute more wear Erosive wear resistance cannot be estimated only by hardness and characterizing resistance to  Ã‚   penetration. The wear resistance of hard material with equal hardness level can be attributed to their resistance fracture (8) [14]. There are two types of wear which are main reasons for erosion. The first one is due to the repeated deformation during the collision and the other one is due to the cutting action of the free moving particles. The rate of erosion depends on the particle velocity which results in the plastically formed concavity of similar radius of curvature to that of the particle (2)[13]. Repeated deformation during the collision: This type of erosion occurs in the systems in which particles moves at high speeds for example pneumatic fluid bed systems, air mills etc. where the particles move free at high speed and impact on the solid which results in the wear (2)[13].The formula for deformation wear is Where Wd= Units volume loss M= Total mass of impinging particles V= Particle velocity ÃŽ ±= Impact angle K= Maximum particle velocity at which the collision still is purely elastic and ÃŽ µ= the energy needed to remove a unit volume of material from the body by deformation wear. Cutting action of the free moving particles: This type of wear is occurred due to the particle that impinges the component at an acute angle and due to this there is scratching of material from the surface of the component. This scratching of the material is highly influenced by the velocity and the impact angle of the particle (2)[13]. 2.4 Mechanisms of wear test Wear is occurred by mechanical or chemical reactions generally accelerated by friction heating. There are six main wear phenomena which explain only removal of material from the solid surfaces (16) [15]. In many cases, wear is initiated by one of these mechanisms and it may proceed by other wear mechanism, there by complicating failure analysis. Particle contamination can damage systems by causing a variety of types of wear (15) [12]. The following table shows the primary cause of wear for each mechanism (1) [16]. Type of mechanism Primary cause Abrasive wear Particle between adjacent moving surface Adhesive wear Particle and high fluid velocity Fatigue wear Surface to surface contact (loss of oil film) Corrosive wear Particle damaged surface subjected to repeated stress Erosive wear Water or chemical Table 2.1: Different types of wear mechanisms. (1)[16] Finnie in his work Observations of the erosion of ductile metals has made an attempt to clearly discuss the factors affecting the erosion in ductile metals. Also Gwidon W. Stachowiak, Andrew W. Batchelor, GrazynaStachowiak (2004) in their journal Experimental methods in Tribology discussed the mechanism of erosion of ductile metals analytically and experimentally. The analysis was carried out by writing the equation of motion of a single particle impaction on the surfaces, volume for the same was then calculated using the trajectory of particles [18]. Such type of approaches was obviously unsuitable for brittle materials. In the experiment the particle velocity on the surface of the ductile metals were obtained by using high speed double flash light source. The authors mainly concentrated on the calculation of single particle of different sizes and at different angles with which he then calculated for whole of the volume of particles. The authors also explained about the drawbacks th at they came across during the experiment and mentioned about the most unsatisfactory feature of his analysis. It underestimates the weight loss at large angles and, in particular, predicts no erosion at 90 °, and explained the three effects which cause the relative erosion at high angles to be greater than that predicted by the sample theory (9)[17]. 2.5 Factors effecting the erosive wear The numbers of factors which significantly affect the rate of erosive wear were discussed by Dr.Dmitri Kopeliovich in his work Mechanisms of wear in 2009.According to him the factors are (12)[11] Impingement angle: the angle at which a particle hits the surface is very important to erosive wear rate. By the experience it was found that the wear rate was high at an angle of 30 ° for ductile material and 90 ° angle for brittle materials. Impact speed: high speed particles impacts cause more damage than low speed collisions. Particle properties: particle properties were more important in erosive wear phenomenon, sharp and hard particles causes more wear rate. Temperature: High temperatures cause high erosive wear because increase in softness of material in high temperatures Particle flux rate: Particle flux rate is the mass of particles hitting an area of surface per unit of time, which can vary greatly from 100 kg/m^2/s to 10,000 kg/m^2/s. 2.6 Test facilities and conditions 2.6.1 Wear Test facilities The national laboratory in the UK identified over 400 wear testing standards all over the world and American society of lubrication engineers indentified 300 tests that were used in various test laboratories in year of 1973. From these tests some type of tests have slight variation on others, less than 100number of tests are useful to find out the wear problems (15)[12]. As early as Mr. Neale was carried out a survey on wear in 1997 as the result in his survey seven types of wear mechanism were identified, most significant wears were abrasive, erosive and adhesive wear. More than one test method is justified for a particular wear type and more than ten test methods are justified to meet industrial need for seven types of methods (14)[5].There are three major types of erosion testing devices that are used throughout the world for quantifying particle impact erosion against a solid surface (10)[18]. 2.6.2 Test condition for erosive wear impact One of the important tasks of the project was to identify the ideal testing conditions. A journal by B.G Mellor in Surface coatings for protection against wear gives the brief idea of various testing standards. According to Mellor the main equipment that is required to find the erosive wear of the pneumatic bed is the centrifugal accelerator erosion tester. Here in the experiment the different test conditions like using different velocities at different impinging angles are used to find the erosive wear of the component. The investigation is mainly focused on the effect of the particle concentration, effect of progression of wear and the effect of bend radius (3) [19]. The pneumatic conveyor test rig should also be inspected prior to the experiment. The equipment should be set to the conditions that would exactly suit the experiment. Hence, the rotational speed of the screw feeder, the blow tank pressure and the mass flow rate of the air supplied to the conveying pipe all should be adjusted to give a positive experimental result (4)[20].   As mentioned the test rig material is the mild steel on which the experiment is to be performed. The material that is to be used in the experiment which is to be impinged on the mild steel component is the olivine sand abrasives. Olivine sand consists of 98.5% (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, with the balance being made up of traces of metallic oxides. The particles density of the abrasive material should be found out prior to the experiment. The grain size should also be measured and found before the experiment (3)[19]. 2.6.3 Centrifugal accelerator erosive tester The test equipment that is to be used for the determination of the erosive wear for mild steel impacted by olivine sand is the centrifugal accelerator erosion tester. The schematic figure of the centrifugal accelerator erosion tester is shown below (4)[20]. Figure 2.1: Schematic of the centrifugal accelerator type erosion tester (4)[20]. The centrifugal accelerator erosion tester is the testing equipment that is to be used in the experiment in the laboratory. The main parts of the centrifugal erosion tester are feeder, an accelerating rotating disc and a target holding system. The abrasive olivine sand is fed into the central hole of the rotating disc and is accelerated through the several radial ceramic tubes by the centrifugal force and ejected from the end of the tubes. The specimen targets are set for the reorientation relative to the direction of parallel flow by the disc on holders. The edges and back face of the specimens are protected from particle impact to prevent unwanted erosion. The target holder is the main equipment that is used for the change of angle for the particles that to be feed into the system. There are many experiments performed using the same equipment by many researchers which would help the present work with their papers. They clearly explained about the working procedure of the experiment and the methodology and also the result which would be a great reference for the present piece of work (5)[21]. 2.6.4 Glass-blast erosive wear test This test used for determined the wear factors .the glass blast test is consist of carbide nozzle 90mm in length with inter diameter 3mm and it having air injection for particle acceleration. A screw feeder mounted to form a loss in weight, this feeder fed the abrasive into the injector housing. And the object was placed on the adjustable table to control impact angles on the object. The author T.Deng was compared the wear factors using the two wear test and compared the results (6) [22]. The figure 2.2 show below was glass-blast erosive wear test. Figure 2.2:   Glass blast erosive wear test (6)[22] 2.6.5 Measurement of wear The measurement of wear is partly determined by the change of mass occurred in the object. A journal by Gwidon W. Stachowiak, Andrew W. Batchelor, GrazynaStachowiak in Experimental methods gave the brief idea about measurement of wear.   Another problem in the experiment of wear is loss of data when wear is measured over a series of intervals as opposed to continuous monitoring and this monitor shows all worn loss on the object figure 2.3.    Figure2.3: Loss of information when continues wear recording is substituted by periodic measurement (17)[23]. At present there are methods of measuring wear: Detection of change in mass. Measurement of reduction in dimension of a worn specimen. Profilometry of the worn specimen. 2.6.6 Measurement of solid particle velocity in erosive wear Authors A. W. Ruff and L. K. Ives in their paper explained about measurement of solid particle velocity in erosive wear that is being performed in their experiment in the laboratory. Measuring of solid particle velocity is mostly depends on the best erosive testing equipments. Here they have performed the experiment using three different erosion testing apparatus, and explained the working procedure of each of the three different apparatus used. The motion of velocity of particles was determined by high speed photo graphics methods. Also they have shown methods of increasing and decreasing the velocity of particles through motors and transmitted them on transducer output which can be viewed directly on an oscilloscope. As the project is based on experiment the paper would be of great use because the experimental procedure can be useful in many ways (7)[9]. 2.7 Summary The chapter gave detailed literature review of the concept of erosion and its developments over the years. Literature review was very much useful for the proper understanding of the topic and gaps in research. Based on these gaps in research the author proceeded further in project work and the next chapter gives detailed methodologies, equipments and tools used during project work. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Overview This chapter explains about the different testing methods and tools used during the experimental process. Also a brief description of materials and material handling equipment is given. 3.2 Experimental requirements olivine sand was prepared to required sizes: Due to vast availability of olivine sand in the nature it is been preferred in the present project. With the use of sieving machine olivine sand was prepared to required sizes ranging from 45-425 µm. impact velocity and angle were calibrated by double disc velocity meter: The double disc velocity meter was used for calibration of impact angles and impact velocities. The calibration results were used for calculating the erosion rate of the mild steel target at proposed conditions. Setting up of right test conditions: To satisfy the proposed test conditions the correct setup of the experiment was required. The setup process would include setting up the position of the target angle, rotating speed of the accelerating rotating disc and feeding rate of the olivine sand. The erosion characteristics of mild steel were determined at certain conditions: Most of the pneumatic conveyers are designed by specific characteristics conditions , based on this characteristics condition have been choose some specific conditions such as an impact angles 20 °,30 °,45 ° and 90 °Ã‚  Ã‚   and velocity 20,30 and 40 m/sec during this experiment . The main intention was to finding impact angles, impact velocities and size of the material were to determine the erosion rate. Determination of specific erosion rate on mild steel: The specific erosion rates of mild steel target were calculated at different conditions by changing the impact angles and impact velocities, the results were analysed. The highest erosion rate and the least erosion rate of the target were calculated. These results were useful for the predicted models. 3.3 Test facilities There were number of tools used for analysing the test during the experiment which was described below. 3.3.1 Centrifugal accelerator tester Erosion wear test apparatus built by T.deng at the wolfson centre was available for this wear test. Centrifugal accelerator tester which is illustrated in figure 3.1 below consists of a feeder, an accelerator rotation disc and target holding systems. There were two types of feeders to feed the materials into the rotating disc which were vibratory feeder and conical feeder. Conical feeder was used for this present project. The target particles continuously fed to the centre hole of the accelerator rotating disc through special type of funnel, and then from the feeder they travel outwards along the radial tubes in the rotating disk. Material leaves disc at the periphery with tangential velocity equal to disc velocity. Targets are mounted at the points surrounding the periphery of the disc and the specimens are exposed to a series of eroded streams particles from the radial tubes of the rotating disc. Figure 3.2 schematical diagram of centrifugal accelerator tester:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 3.1: Centrifugal accelerator type erosion tester This method is more advantageous over the gas jet method and well suited to perform the screening tests on many different materials. The specimens were mounted on the holding system which rotates slowly around the accelerator rotating disc but it rotates only in one direction, to eliminate any possible bias associated with specific specimen locations. The maximum numbers of specimens per test have ranged to 30 in different design of rigs. [25] Accelerator rotating disc is one of the most important parts of the centrifugal accelerator tester. Usually the rotating disc diameter varies between 200 and 600 mm. The apparatus shown in figure 3.1 has a disc of 240 mm in diameter and it contains six radial alumina ceramic tubes with an internal bore diameter of 2.6 mm. The erosion centre was placed on rotating disc of 0.24m diameter [25]. The disc was attached to an infinitely variable inverter controlled motor that was driven by V- shape belt drive. The motor requires 220-240 voltage and which has maximum of 2850 revolution per minute. 3.3.2 Description of tabular feeder system In order to obtain a constant mass flow rate of the abrasive particle, a tabular feeder is used to feed the abrasive material into conveyers or into the erosion test rig and serves as an auxiliary machine in coal washing, electric power, sintering plant and building industries [24]. Tabular feeder consist two main parts. 1)   Hopper 2)   Rotating control disc Hopper acts as storage for olivine sand before feeding into the accelerator disc, rotating control disc controls flow rate of material is required. The speed of the rotating disc can be altered using this speed control unit as a result the material flow will change according to the speed of the rotating disc. Figure 3.2 shows the laboratory tabular feeder used for the project work. Calibration of the tabular feeder was achieved by measuring the flow rate of mass of materials. Figure 3.2: Tabular feeder [U1] 3.3.3 Description of Double Disc Velocity meter There are two types of instruments which were used to measure the particle velocity vector in an erosion tester, they are optoelectric velocity meter and laser Doppler anemometer (k89) [10]. The accuracy of the particle velocity measure was low while using optoelectric velocity meter in centrifugal erosion tester. Therefore, a static form of the double–disc velocity meter and displaced wear scar method (R75)[9] were used for calibration test of the particle velocity vector. Static form of double disc velocity meter is used to measure the particle velocity vector and direction of particle travel. The slot on the double disc velocity meter from which continuous flow of eroded particle travels and hits the surface of the target forms a scar on target material. The exit angle of the actual particle jet can be calculated by the following equation. A schematic diagram of double disc velocity meter is shown in figure 3.3. Figure 3.3: Double disc velocity meter 3.3.4 Tachometer Tachometer is a mechanical instrument used to measure the speed of rotating devices. Here in the present experiment it is used for measuring the speed of the accelerating rotating disc. It has the digital display which when placed against the rotating device shows the speed in rpm. The figure of tachometer is shown below. Figure 3.4: Tachometer 3.3.5 Mechanical sieves Sieving is one of the oldest and well-known methods for particle size measurement. Sieve test is a procedure to differentiate the fine material from the course material with the help of a nested column of sieves with wire mesh cloth. Required material is poured into the top sieve which has largest screen openings, each sieve openings in the column are arranged in order of decreasing size, from top to bottom, where it is collected at the base, which is called receiver. The sieve shakes the column, for fixed amount of time, depending on amount of material poured. After the material is finished amount of sand on each sieve is weighed. The weight of sample of each sieve is then divided by the total weight to give a percentage retained in each sieves. Figure 3.5 shows BS Sieves with sieve shaker machine. % Retained =   Ãƒâ€"100 % Where W sieve is mass of retained in sieve W total is the total mass retained in all sieves. Figure 3.5: Mechanical sieves on sieve shaker 3.3.6 Ultrasonic bath for clean the targets An ultrasonic machine is cleaning equipment used for delicate items which uses ultrasound (usually from20-400 kHz) and the appropriate cleaning solvent (sometimes ordinary tap water). This machine can only be used with water but solvent which gives a better cleaning option is always advised to clean the object. These machines are mostly used for cleaning jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, surgical instruments. Ultrasonic machine uses high frequency sound waves to agitate in an aqueous or organic compound. Water is used for normal cleaning of the object where as the solvent is used for more effective cleaning. Figure 3.6: Ultrasonic Targets Cleaner 3.4 Description of test materials 3.4.1 Specimen (Mild steel) Mild steel typically means soft, unhardened steel with low carbon content. Mild steel is the type of steel that contains iron as well as little amount of other elements i.e. 0.18-0.23%Carbon, 0.30-0.60%Manganese, 0.30% Silicon, 0.040% Phosphorous and 0.50% Sulphur. Cheap availability, high stiffness and magnetic property are some of the user friendly characteristics for the vast application of mild steel. Other specifications of mild steel are: Density of mild steel =7.85 g/cm3 (0.284 lb/in3) Young’s modulus = 210,000Mpa (30,000,000psi) Mild steel was taken in 2.5Ãâ€"25Ãâ€"26 mm square specimens and mass of each specimen was measured as approximately 13.34 to 14.90 grams. Figure 3.7: Mild steel target 3.4.2 Olivine sand Olivine sand is one of the most common and easily available minerals in the earth, It has less amount of thermal dilation and is composition of magnesium and iron ortho silicate with chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. The density of olivine sand is 3.28 gm/cm3, melting point up to ~1760 deg. C and the crystals present are angular with sharp edges [29] and the product is hard, dense and heavy in nature. It is an abrasive media for sand blasting and water jet cutting services. The main uses of olivine sand are iron ore processing, foundry sands, abrasives, agriculture etc. Chemical Specification of olivine sand [30]: Products Specification MgO 42-47 % SiO2 35-42% Fe2O3 10-13% CaO 2-2.5 % LOI 1.5% Max    Figure 3.8: various size of olivine sand (45~425  µm) 3.5 Test conditions for impacting erosion wear The prominent parameters and their effect on erosion are as follows: 1) Impact angle Impact angle is defined as the angle between the target surface and the direction of striking the solid particle. The variation of erosion wear with the impact angle depends on the characteristics of the target surface material namely brittle or ductile type. 2) Velocity of solid particles Velocity of solid particle strongly impacts the erosive wear. As particle velocity increases there is significant increase in erosion rate. The erosion rate is generally related to the particle velocity using power law relationship in which the power index for velocity varies in the range of 2-4. 3) Particle size and shape of test materials Particle size and shape is also one of the prominent parameter, which impact erosion wear. Many investigators have considered solid particle size important to erosion. The erosive wear increases with increase in particle size according to power law relationship. The effect of particle shape on the erosion is not very well established due to difficulties in defining the different shape features. Generally roundness factor is taken into consideration. If roundness factor is one then the particles are perfectly spheres and a lower values show the particle angularity. Analysis of hitting particle (Olivine Sand) Pneumatic conveyors are mainly used to transport the powdered materials with high speed and various angles. Project work was mainly based on wear erosion of ductile materials in pneumatic conveyors which is caused by powdered particles, hence Olivine sand was chosen as hitting material. Olivine sand is Magnesium Iron silicate which is one of the most common materials found on the earth, Because of its availability and low cost it was chosen in the work, a detailed description of olivine sand was given in section 3.2. One of the important factors in erosion rate of the target material is size of the particle. Hence measuring of size of the olivine sand was the first experimental work which has been carried out. The size of the sand was measured by using BS Sieves; the description of BS sieves was given earlier in the chapter. Steps involved in analysis of sand are as follows: 300 grams of olivine sand was taken and dried before use. The sand was poured through different sizes of BS Sieves which vary from 45  µm to 425  µm.   Ten minutes of vibration with amplitude of 7 Hertz were taken as the standard measurements for the apparatus.   The vibrator which was connected to sieves vibrates whole apparatus then sand follows downward path on the apparatus leaving behind different sizes of grains in each sieve. Amount of Different sizes of sand left behind in each sieve was measured using electronic weighing machine. Calculations related to Olivine sand are as follows: Percentage of weight retained in each sieve is given by dividing the weight of sand in each sieve by total weight of sand. % retained = (W sieves / W total) Ãâ€"100 % Where W sieve is mass of sand retained in sieve W total is the total mass retained in all sieves. Amount of sand left behind in each sieve and percentages of remaining amount of sand were calculated and tabulated. Tabular column was given in appendix 3.1 A graph was plotted with cumulative percentage of total mass of sand retained on Y axis and sieves size on X axis. This graph gives the average size of particle which was to hit the target. Figure 4.1: Cumulative graph for percentage mass of sand and sieve size It can be seen from the graph that a centre line is cutting the cumulative percentage weights of the sand. The point where the line cuts the graph is the average weight of the particle. The average size of the particle was calculated as ≈ 144 µm from the above graph and shape of olivine sand was angular. After size analysis of material, the next stage of the experimental procedure was calibration of impact velocity and angle of the particle .In case of the centrifugal accelerator, the particle velocity is dependent on the rotation velocity of the rotating disc. The range of particle impingement over the surface of a target varies due to the geometry of this type of erosion tester and need to be accounted for. Therefore, some calibrations are necessary to be carried out before the test work starts which include measurement of particle velocity and calibration of the abrasive feeders. 4) Particle concentration for erosive tests Concentration is amount of solid particles by weight or by volume in the fluid. As concentration of particle increases more particles strike the surface of impeller which increase the erosion rate, the concentration of slurries can vary from 2% to 50% depending upon the type of slurry. However, at very high concentrations particle interaction increases and this decreases the striking velocity of particle on the surface. 3.7 Summary This chapter can be considered as the backbone of project work as all the methodologies, description of working equipment, testing conditions and analysis of testing materials were discussed in the chapter. The following chapter discusses about the calibrations of impact angles which is most important in finding the exact test conditions. CHAPTER 4 Calibrations of Impact Conditions 4.1 Overview This chapter gives detailed description of work done during the project work. All the experimental works, results obtained from those experiments, analysis of the results have been discussed the chapter. 4.2 Calibration of exit angle of particle jet, particle velocity and speed of the rotating disc:[S2] The second and most important phase of the experimental work was the calibration of exit angle of the particle, velocity of particle and speed of the accelerator rotating disc. Before calculating erosion rate of target material it is necessary to know the speed of accelerator rotating disc and exit angle of hitting particle at given testing conditions. These can be calculated by calibrating the results obtained after carrying out the experiment with different standard speeds of accelerator rotating disc and various impact angles of hitting particles of the target material. Certain testing conditions were suggested for the experiment which are: Impact angles of the hitting particles at 20 °, 30 °, 45 °, 90 ° of the target material Impact Velocities of hitting particle: 20m/s, 30m/s, 40m/s This stage of experiment was sub divided in different stages: 4.2.1 Calculation of exit angles and particle velocity The exit angle and velocity of the particle was calculated by hitting the target surface with olivine sand. An electric circuit board was taken as target material for this calibration test. The exposed surface of the target was coated blue colour for a better view of particle impact and then it was placed in double disc velocity meter. A detailed description of double disc velocity meter was given in chapter 3. A total of six double disc velocity meters were used for three different angles for more accurate calibrations. The double disc velocity meters were placed in a work holding system where the normal target holders are placed and with desired angles which are 30, 45, 60 degrees respectively. The figure 4.2 shows the work holding system with double disc velocity meters. Figure4.2: Double disc velocity meter on target holding system Figure 4.5:detailed schematic figure of double disk velocity meter with target Different stages of the experimental procedure are described below. Velocity of accelerator rotating disc was fixed to 1500 rpm with the help of tachometer. There was a speed controller for increasing and decreasing the rotating disc speed to obtain desired speed. The double disc velocity meter was located at the position where the normal specimen target holders stand and rotated to a given angle ÆŸr, with respect to the centre of the rotating disc. 500gms of olivine sand was manually fed into the centre of accelerator rotating disc with the help of conical feeder. From the centre of rotating disc the eroded particles (olivine sand) was equally distributed into the six ceramic tubes. By centrifugal force Olivine sand is forced towards target specimens through alumina ceramic tubes. The continuous flow of sand hits the targets with certain angle which is the exit angle of particle (K) forming the impact on surface of the target. The specimen was then removed and cleaned and then photo scanned for further calculations of exit angle and particle velocity. Figures 4.3 show the scanned photo of two test specimen for 30 degrees impact angle on target surface. Figure 4.3: The scan photo of two test specimen for 30 degrees impact angle on target surface. Figures related to other angles and other rotating speeds are shown in appendix 4.1. Exit angle of the particle was calculated by using the following figure. Figure 4.4 geometry of the double disc velocity meter for measuring the particle velocity vector and particle exit angle at the time of testing 4.2.2 Calculations of impact conditions of centrifugal erosion tester: Using photo scanner which can improve the accuracy of measurement from 0.5mm up to 0.01mm, the exit angle of the actual particle jet can be calculated by the following equations, K=cos-1 [sin (60 °-ÃŽ ±)/r Ãâ€" (r+s)] for 30 ° angle K=cos-1 [sin (45 °+ÃŽ ±)/r Ãâ€" (r+s)] for 45 ° angle K=cos-1 [sin (30 °+ÃŽ ±)/r Ãâ€" (r+s)] for 60 ° angle Where, K= exit angle, r= radius of the rotating disc, s= distance between slot and edge of accelerator disc, ÃŽ ±=angle between target centre and particle jet. 1)  Ã‚  1500 rpm -30 °- 1 target From the formula stated above K=cos-1 [sin (60 °-ÃŽ ±)/r Ãâ€" (r+s)] From the reference of figure 4.4 the following values were obtained x= 3.98, y=11.55, r=120mm, s=18.65, ÃŽ ±=19.01 °   k= cos-1 0.723 K=40.73 ° Where X= distance from impact centre to target centre Y= distance from slot to target r= rotating disc radius s=distance from rotating disc to slot centre ÃŽ ± = angle of target holder 2)  Ã‚  1500 rpm -30 °- 2 target   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the formula stated above K=cos-1 [sin (60 °-ÃŽ ±)/r Ãâ€" (r+s)] From the figure the values were obtained x= 4.15, y=11.95, r=120mm, s=18.65, ÃŽ ±=19.15 °   Cos k= 0.730 K=40.91 ° The calculations for the exit angles of the particle jet at 45, 60 degrees at a speed of 1500 rpm are shown in appendix 4.2. The experiment was repeated with different speeds of accelerator disc which are 2000 and 2500 rpm respectively. The calculations are shown in appendix 4.2. The quantity of sand was decreased with increasing speeds of accelerator disc, for accurate impact on the surface. Exit angle for each speed of rotation disc was calculated by the formula Exit angle K = Where k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6 are exit angles of particle jet. And all the exit angles were tabulated below Position of the Target angle (deg) Exit angles of Particle jet (deg) Accelerator disc speed (rpm) 1500 2000 2500 30 ° Target 1 (k1) 40.73 ° 40.68 ° 42.68 ° Target 2 (k2) 40.91 ° 41.23 ° 41.29 ° 45 ° Target3 (k3) 32.43 ° 32.50 ° 39.42 ° Target4 (k4) 33.55 ° 32.81 ° 40.39 ° 60 ° Target5 (k5) 37.79 ° 37.69 ° 38.53 ° Target6 (k6) 35.78 ° 36.43 ° 37.01 ° Exit angle (K) 36.86 ° 36.905 ° 39.88 ° Table 4.2: Exit angles for various double-disc velocity meters at different angles and speeds The next step was to calculate the particle velocity which was calculated by using the following methodology: Figure 4.5: calibration of the particle velocity For 1500RPM Exit angle K=36.865 ° from above tabular column. Tangent angle (VÃŽ ¸) = ωr Where ω is speed of the accelerator rotating disc r is radius of radius of accelerator rotating disc VÃŽ ¸=18.84m/sec From the Figure 3.4 Cos (K) =VÃŽ ¸/VP Where VP is Particle Velocity Cos (36.865 °) = 18.84/VP VP=23.55m/sec In the similar way particle velocity at different rpm was calculated .the calculation part are shown in appendix 4.3and the velocities are: Particle velocity for 2000 RPM is 31.43m/sec Particle velocity for 2500 RPM is 40.94m/sec. 4.2.3 Calibration of exit angles of particles, particle velocity, speeds of rotating disc.[S3] The next and most important stage of the experiment was calibration of Exit angles of particles, particle velocity, and speed of the rotation disc. A graph was plotted with the help of obtained exit angles; particle velocity for standard conditions (disc velocity 1500, 2000, 2500 rpms, and target angles 30 45 60 degrees) is shown in figure 4.6. Figure4.6: Calibration of exit angles of particles, particle velocity, speeds of rotating disc.[S4]   Calculation of speed of rotating discs, exit angle from the calibration, at proposed impact velocities. With the help of graph, the values of rotating disc speed, exit angles of the particles were found for the given testing conditions. The values of particle exit angle (K) and rotating disc speed are given in the tabular column below. Proposed impact velocities (m/sec) Particle exit angle K (degree) Rotating disc speed (rpm) 20 36.5 1280 30 36.9 1909 40 39.9 2442 Table4.3: values of exit angle and rotating disc speed at impact velocities 20, 30, 40 m/sec. 4.3 Design of target holders for mild steel Target holder is an important device in the experiment which was used to place the target in different required positions. Hence designing of target holders was an important task for any erosive experiment. These target holders contain screws for tightening the specimen in correct position to avoid slips when the test was running. As discussed earlier in chapter 3 mild steel material was used as a target with 25mm square in size and approximately each target was 14.34grams mass. The target was held in a jig which protects the edges and back face of the test specimen. The jig with test specimen was fitted in to a target holder which would be capable of supporting the velocities of hitting particle jets, and can be tilted to different angles required for the test. Generally, there were three types of target holders used to find out the erosion rate of the target, but in the present project the horizontal target holders are used to hold the target specimen to find out the erosion rate. Here the suggested four different impact angle targets such as 20á ´ ¼, 30o, 45o and 90o were taken. For each angle two target holders are taken and the totals of 8 target holders were located on the target holding system for this experiment. The figure 4.1 shows the target in the target holder. As the experiment was conducted at four different impact angles which are 20o, 30, 45 and 90 which are shown in the figure 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 schematically. Figure 4.1: target holder    Summary In the chapter discussed the calibrations working procedure for find out the exit   angles and velocities by   related formulas and calculation   which is most important in finding the exact test conditions. Chapter 5: Experimental procedure Overview: The chapter discusses about the experimental procedures which were carried out during the project work. A flow chart is also presented in the chapter which shows the detailed working procedure. Typical photographs of the target surface eroded at different test condition were shown in this chapter. Procedure: Finally the main part of project work was carried out, calculation of erosive wear under specified conditions. From above section, with the help of graph and tabular column it was found that for given testing conditions of particle velocity 20 m/s, 30 m/s and 40 m/s the accelerator speeds are 1280 rpm, 1909 rpm and 2442 rpm, similarly the exit angles are 36.5, 36.9 and 39.9 degrees respectively. The first stage of experiment was carried out for 20 m/s particle velocity and later it is repeated for other particle velocities. But Different quantity of sand was taken when increasing speeds of accelerator disc. Steps involved in the experiment are followed: The apparatus was setup before the experiment. The targets were arranged on target holding system in horizontal position with the impact angle of 20 °, 30 °, 45 °, and 90 °. For more accurate values a total of eight targets were used two for each impact angle position. Target specimens were punched with numbers A1 to A8 for clear identification after the experiment. Before fixing the target materials on holding system they were cleaned with ultrasonic bath using isopropyl alcohol. A detailed description of Ultra sonic bath was given in section 3.3.6. Once the targets cleaned they were weighed using electronic weighing machine which has an accuracy of about 0.1mg. For more accuracy three readings were noted and an average of three was taken as the original weight of target specimen. In the next step the target was arranged at an exit angle of 36.50 and with a centrifugal accelerator disc speed fixed to 1280 rpm and at a particle speed of 20 m/s. The apparatus was all set for carrying out the experiment. Once the apparatus was set up the olivine sand was poured through the tabular feeder for experiment.   But at this instance the issue was how much sand per specific time the feeder should pour. The calibration of tabular feeder gives the rate of feeding for sand. After the calibration was completed the rate of feed should be set for this particular testing condition. This completes all the required set up and requirements for the experiment. After all setup was completed experimental process was started by pouring the sand at a rate of 66.6 g/min. The feeder continuously poured the sand which was approximately 2 Kg in to rotating disc centre for about 30 minutes and the accelerator disc dispatched the sand on to targets. Sand particles which were in line with target materials hit the target and eroded the material from the target. After finish the test, target materials were removed from the target holders. They were again cleaned with ultrasonic bath using isopropyl alcohol also dried and weighed using the electronic balance. The experiment was repeated six times for more accurate results and results were tabulated. Results obtained during the experimental procedure are discussed in the next chapter. A flow chart of experimental procedure is given below: Figure: flow chart describing the experimental procedure The above experimental procedure of the flow chart was used for the other impact condition. The figure 5.2 shows target specimen for 20 m/sec velocity after the test.   30 and 40 m/sec. Velocities figures was shown in the appendix 5.1 Figure5.2: Above figures shows the mild steel specimen after the impact of particles on it at 20o, 30o, 45o and 90o angles and impact velocity 20 m/sec.   Summary Chapter provided the detailed description of experiment procedure for erosive wear test using centrifugal accelerator tester. And also the working procedure flow chart.    Chapter 6 Experimental Results 5.1 overview: This chapter gives the results obtained during the experimental procedure. Detailed tabular columns of results, graphical representations are presented in the report. 5.2 Experimental results Table 4.2 gives the detailed weights of target material before and after the experiment. After measuring target material weights it was time to calculate the amount of eroded material. The amount of eroded material is calculated by deducting the weight of test specimen after the impact of olivine sand from the weight before impact. The specific erosion rate which is amount of material eroded per kilogram of sand was found using a software program designed to calculate the specific erosion rate. The tabular column 4.3 gives the detailed results of amount of eroded material for different angles and weights. Targets    Angle of Targets sand used No. Impact 2 kg 4kg 6kg 8kg 10kg 12kg   remove material (g/kg) specific E(g/kg) A1 20o 0.0003 0.0008 0.0012 0.0018 0.0023 0.0028 0.000233 0.0057 20 ° 0.0057 A2 20o 0.0004 0.0011 0.0016 0.0023 0.0027 0.0037 0.000308 0.0075 20 ° 0.0075 A3 30o 0.0005 0.0009 0.0014 0.0022 0.0027 0.0034 0.000283 0.0069 30 ° 0.0069 A4 30o 0.0004 0.0006 0.0012 0.0020 0.0026 0.0032 0.000267 0.0065 30 ° 0.0065 A5 45o 0.0002 0.0003 0.0011 0.0019 0.0022 0.0030 0.000250 0.0061 45 ° 0.0061 A6 45o 0.0004 0.0007 0.0009 0.0014 0.0018 0.0027 0.000225 0.0055 45 ° 0.0055 A7 90o 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0009 0.0013 0.000108 0.0026 90 ° 0.0026 A8 90o 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0012 0.000100 0.0024 90 ° 0.0024 A graph was plotted between the amount of material eroded on Y- axis and amount of sand used on X axis which shows a gradual increase in the material eroded with the increase in amount of sand. Figure : This ends the experimental process which was carried out for the given testing conditions. After the experimental procedure the following values of erosion rate were obtained. Impact angle Specific erosion rate 20 0.0057 20 0.0075 30 0.0069 30 0.0065 45 0.0061 45 0.0055 90 0.0026 90 0.0024 The experiment was again repeated for other testing conditions, the amount of sand used will vary with respect to testing conditions. For   Impact velocity 30m/s Accelerator disc speed 1909 rpm Exit angle 36.90 The results were found as Impact Angle Material Removed Specific Erosion Rate 20 0.000922 0.0225 20 0.001011 0.0246 30 0.001089 0.0265 30 0.001122 0.0274 45 0.001022 0.0249 45 0.001022 0.0249 90 0.000500 0.0122 90 0.000533 0.0130 For Impact velocity of 40m/s Accelerometer speed of 2442 rpm Exit angle of 39.9 degrees the results were found as remove material (g/kg) Specific E (g/kg) 0.001900 0.0483 20 0.001867 0.0474 20 0.001983 0.0504 30 0.002133 0.0542 30 0.002017 0.0513 45 0.002067 0.0525 45 0.001133 0.0288 90 0.001133 0.0288 90 Chapter 7 Discussion of Results: 6.1 Overview: This chapter gives the detailed discussion of results obtained during the experimental process. Variation of erosive rate with respect to various characteristics is discussed in the chapter. From the experiments it was found that erosion rate of the material from test specimen is mainly dependent on two factors; Impact angle of the particle Velocity of the particle 6.2 Erosion rate with respect to Impact angles: A Graph was plotted between impact angles on X axis and Specific erosion rate on Y axis which was shown in figure 5.4.2. This graph has an increase in erosion rate from 20 degrees to 30 degrees of impact angle of target material. This increase was because decline in erosion rate along with increase in impact angle. It can be understood from the graph that as the impact angle of particle increases the erosion rate gradually decreases. This decline in erosion rate is because the number of sand particles hitting target decreases with increase in angle. Figure : 6.3 Erosion rate with respect to velocity of the particle: From the tabular columns 3.4 and 3.5 and 3.6 it can be noted that as the velocity of particle increases the rate of erosion increases. The reason behind this graph is high velocities particles erodes more material. 6.4 Conclusions CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS The project had four objectives to be delivered and which were successfully achieved. The main objective of the project was to investigate the rate of erosion for mild steel targets under specific testing conditions. After conducting series of experiments with olivine sand and mild steel targets, erosion rate for particle speed of 20 m/s, 30 m/s and 40 m/s was calculated. From all the results obtained graphs were plotted to understand the nature of rate of erosion of particles. The graph suggests that rate of erosion increases with increase of particle speed on the target material. Also other graphs plotted between the rates of erosion and impact angle of target suggested that rate of erosion decreases with increase of impact angle of target specimen. Hence the main objectives of the experiment were achieved. CHAPTER 8 Future work The project discusses conditions to avoid erosive wear for mild steel impacted by olivine sand. The vast nature of subject gives the opportunity to carry out the experiment by changing various properties of impact materials and target materials and testing conditions. Some of the experimental works which were not possible to carry out during the present work and would be possible in future are suggested. The next work can be carried out by applying electro static charge to the olivine sand using electrostatic ring sensor equipment. The aim of using electro static ring sensor equipment is to find out charge to mass ratio. Another work that can be suggestible is combination of powder with sand. This is because every powder has its own properties, but when they mix with other materials they lose original properties and adopt new properties. This can be helpful to find out the new test procedure to avoid erosive wear for materials that can be impacted by olivine sand and other material m ixture. The other important future work could be comparing of the present project result with the gas blaster erosion tester. From the result of this work, it can be observed that the accuracy of the tester would result in accurate results, so it is suggested that, to improve the accuracy of the centrifugal accelerator tester. REFERENCES   K. Shimoda, T. Yukawa, Erosion of pipe bend in pneumatic conveyor,in: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Erosion byLiquid and Solid Impact, Cambridge, UK, September 5–8, 1983. Kilburn Engineering. Material Handling System. Available: http:/kilburnengg.com. Last accessed 10th February 2011. Mr Ben. Erosive wear. Available: http://tribologynews.com/2009/08/erosive-wear. (2009). Last accessed 4th Feb 2011. Terence F.J.Quinn. Physical analysis for tribology. 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