Hamidian Era Essay Example for Free

Hamidian Era Essay â€Å"Analyse the Hamidian era from the perspective of either the Balkan or the Anatolian or the Arab provinces, discussing the different ways in which that region was treated by the Ottoman government, and the different ways that region responded†. The Balkan region of the Ottoman Empire had always been a crucial part of it vast domains. The Balkan states can be credited with shortening the lifespan of a troubled empire. More specifically, Albania it can be argued contributed a great deal in bringing about the eventual demise of the Empire. The late British MP Audrey Hebert succinctly stated that, â€Å"In the end, like Samson in the Temple of Gaza, they pulled down the columns of the Ottoman Empire upon their own head. It was the Albanians and not the Serbs or Bulgars or Greeks who defeated the Turks†. It is strange then that not enough research has been done to deeply analyze the Albanian nations’ contributions towards the Ottoman Empire. This essay will look at the Hamedian agenda in relation to the Balkan region, focusing specifically on the Albanian nation. This essay will analyze the Sultans policies vis-a-vis the Albanians to conclude that in the end the Empire lost a once great ally of the Empire due to its detrimental centralizing policies, which attempted to strip away national in a time when nationalism was a central them in the region. The loss of Albania within the Balkans culminated in the Young Turk revolution, which brought an end to the Hamedian era. Sultan Abdul Hamid II is generally remembered as a pious ruler. The Hamedian agenda was multi-faceted. The Sultan sought to unify the Muslims under the banner of Islam to repel outside intruders. He also wanted complete authority in order to centralize his Empire. The Ottoman context at this time was characterized by strong nationalist calls from within the Empire. This sweeping nationalism was inspired by Western Europe and various European states encouraged nationalist movements within the Empire thus further compounding the multitude of political, social and economic problems confronting the Sultan. Sultan Abdul Hamid II attempted to undermine the growing nationalist problem by employing his policies of pan-Islamism. Pan-Islamism gained real momentum only after the signing of a treaty in Berlin in 1878. The treaty was a consequence of the Ottoman defeat against the Russians a year earlier. As a result the Sultan auspiciously suspended the constitution and exiled Ottoman Bureaucrats whose where seen as a threat to the Sultans power. The major outcome of this European headed congress however was that the Empire had lost large parts of the majority Christian Balkan territories. The Sultan then distanced himself from the secular orientated ideas of the preceding Tanzimat era. His policies â€Å"went from being, ostensibly supra-religious during the hey-day of the Tanzimat, to more emphasis being placed on Islam in tone and nuance†. An example of this is his education policy, which put forward school curriculums very Islamic in nature. The Balkans had always been a key economic resource for the Ottoman Empire, owing to its large population, huge fertile lands and well located position inside Europe. The congress’s decision resulted in Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria gaining independence. This greatly hindered the Sultan’s desire for centralization. Without worrying about ruling a large Christian population, the Sultan could now focus exclusively on his Muslim subjects. He did this in two ways. Firstly, the Sultans’ subjects needed to form â€Å"a cohesive new core of identity,† especially since the Muslim population made up over 70% of the Empire. Secondly, Abdul Hamid was not afraid to use his title as Caliph of the Believers to rally support from his subjects to call for jihad against the infidel colonialists. Of course this was part of the pan-Islamic propaganda used so well by the Sultan. In 1877 the Islamic agenda of the Sultan became very apparent. The San Stefano, treaty was forced on the empire after the Russians had defeated the Ottomans in war. The treated stipulated that the majority Albanians lands be given to Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro. The Albanians were ethnically non-Slavic and most of them were Muslims. They were known to be very loyal to the Empire. Some of the best soldiers who served in the Janissary corps came from Albania. Not long after the treaty of San Stefano, prominent figures from Albania came together in response to a congress that they perceived as dangerous to the Albanian national interests. This phase in Albania’s’ history is known as the national awakening. The initial result of this congress was the formation of the â€Å"league of Prezren† on 20 June 1878, lasting until 1881. With a coalition of land-owners, religious scholars and intellectuals, the league had almost 300 members. They came from Kosovva, Yannya, Isscodra, and Monasstir. The league submitted a document consisting of sixteen plans to the Sultan in 1878. At least 47 Albanian representatives signed this document. Article 1 clearly outlined that the Albanians were not against the Empire. Article 2 had clearly stated the Leagues’ loyal stance towards Abdul Hamid. We find the following in article 6: â€Å"In view of the situation in the Balkans, we will not allow any foreign troops to enter our territory. We will not recognize Bulgaria and do not even wish to hear its name mentioned. If Serbia does not agree to give up the regions it has occupied illegally, we will deploy volunteer corps (akindjiler) against it and do our utmost to bring about the return of these regions. We will do the same with Montenegro. † â€Å"It is understood that the Government may not interfere in the affairs of the League. Accordingly, the League will not interfere in the administrative affairs of the Government, unless the latter can be shown to have issued orders involving the use of force. † (Article 14) The formation of the league coupled with the resistance against the decisions of the congress of Berlin contributed in heightening the nationalistic tendencies of the Albanians. The call amongst the Albanians to unify the four populated vilayets into one autonomous province grew louder. However this clearly ran counter to the Sultan’s policy to unite the Empire on an Islamic basis and not a nationalist one, therefore rendering their demands impossible to accept. The Albanians became increasingly disgruntled with the policies of the Empire. However the Sultans endeavour to redefine the Ottoman identity as purely Islamic was â€Å"mainly directed at curbing nascent proto-nationalist acuities of the Ottoman Muslims. † Such a context deemed the ideas of league as harmful to the agenda of Abdul Hamid. The notion of a separate national entity, in this case â€Å"Albanianism’’ was thus actively suppressed by Abdul Hamid. Indeed Albanian nationalism became very pronounced and posed a threat to the Sultan. The idea of a national identity became so popular in Albania, that a traveller from England became astonished to observe that Albanians viewed themselves as Albanians and not as â€Å"Turks or Christians like other minorities in the Empire†. However language became a key hindrance for the Sultans plans. The Albanian language united them. In the wider Balkan context language aided in further agitating the growing nationalistic tendencies within the region. However the use of language as a basis for Albanian unity was not welcome by all. The Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople outlawed the use of the Albanian script in writing. Sticking to the social contours set by the Sultan the Patriarch intended to divide the Albanians on the basis of creed. † Local Orthodox Patriarchs threatened Albanian bishops teaching the language with excommunication. However such attempts were ultimately unsuccessful. The Albanian issue was also expressed in military terms further perplexing the Sultans problems. The Albanians fiercely resisted the points of the aforementioned treaty, which gave away territory to its neighbours, in particular the cessation of Ulcinnj, Plavve and Gusinnje to Montenegro. The Albanians represented by the league were even prepared for what they believed to be an imminent attack by Montenegro and Serbia. The military capabilities of the Albanians were well known to the Sultan. A close confidant to the Sultan and chief secretary of the Empire Tahsin Pasha (1894-1909) describes the Sultans views towards the Albanians. The Albanians occupied first place [in the empire]. Abdul Hamid believed in the bravery and devotion of Albanians. This certainly constituted the foundation of Abdul Hamid’s policies†¦in Rumeli; the Albanians were considered a bastion of Abdul Hamid’s policies† The Sultan was able to use the military might of the Albanian forces. 1879 was the year in which they defeated an army form Montenegro in Gussnye. The Empire would suppo rt or restrain Albanian military activity depending upon its political interests at the time. Albanians generally fitted into the wider Ottoman political plans, and although the league acted as an independent government inside Albania, collecting taxes and administering the region for example, the Sultan largely ignored this due to the Albanian opposition to a complete dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and its territories. However in 1881 when the pan-Islamic policy of the Sultan had reached a new level, the league was seen as a threat and officially dissolved. Many people were exiled to the western peninsula of Asia. Following on from the dismantling of the League of Prezren, Abdul Hamid had always attempted, until his removal in 1909, to use the loyal elements of the Albanians to maintain control of the Balkan region. The former vizier Mehmet assad Sefvett Pasha suggested that the Albanians should be heavily relied on for security in Europe. The general Derrvish Pasha also supported this view. The Sultan was fully aware of the strategic importance the Albanians held within the Empire. The Albanian population was of great size, and well placed in the Balkan region. They were key in defending the Empire from the Balkans. Due to the loyalty and importance the Albanians had to the Sultan, he expanded the role of the Albanians within the Empire. Many were hired as his palace guards, and given a greater chance of participation in the Ciragan Palace (the Ottoman Parliament). They were also appointed to keep the Sheikh-a-Islam safe. Nevertheless Abdul Hamid maintained a feeble hold over population of Albania. Tribal loyalty was a strong force amongst the Albanian people. This loyalty eventually evolved to become expressed through nationalism, a notion that had already swept the region. The Sultans use of pan-Islamism to centralize his Empire, and more specifically to create a loyal defensive Albanian front in Europe became interpreted as an infringement on the Albanian right to self-recognition. The Alabanian language was used to promote national solidarity amongst the Albanian population, something the Sultans at times abstract policies could not deal with. However it is also true that the Albanians shared a common cause with the Sultan. They rejected and resisted foreign encroachment of the Empire and did not wish for its dissolution. The formation of the league of Prezren is evidence for these sentiments. In the end the question of why the Albanians and the Sultan could not work together, even for the short term to solve these shared issues is difficult to answer. However what becomes pretty clear is that the Sultans policy of uniting his empire on the basis of religion was persistently competing with the powerful force of nationalism, and in this case Albanianism. To conclude, nationalist movements, which had engulfed the Balkans— the Serbs, Montenegrins and Greeks — had an impact on the Albanians. The Albanians wanted greater autonomy within the Empire. The Albanians did not necessarily despise the rule of Abdul Hamid or his Empire. They were after all â€Å"loyal subjects for 500 years† and always â€Å"felt secure,† within the Empire. They disagreed with the idea that they could not gain greater autonomy like the rest of the Balkan states around them. Abdul Hamid’s attempt at centralization infringed on the national aspirations of his subjects thus pan-Islamism was antithetical to granting self-government to the different segments of the Ottoman Empire. The Albanians wanted greater autonomy but this clearly ran counter to the Sultans plans of centralization via the medium of pan Islamism. The Sultan lost the support of the Albanians and this paved the way for the committee of union and progress to gain huge support in the Balkans (especially in Macedonia). This eventually led to the dethronement of the Sultan. The Sultans policy failed to confront a tough nationalism, and ultimately became his undoing.

DBQ Andrew Jackson Essay Example for Free

DBQ Andrew Jackson Essay Andrew Jackson was a man of the people because he was once a part of the people. Before he was elected into office, he was a man who had lived a tough childhood but learned to manage and move forward to become a successful prosecutor and eventually a well known general. A man who has lived through a life filled with challenges knows what is best for his people and knows what they want. He wanted the people to be a part of the government. He wanted them to have a voice, which is why he believed in democracy but the way that he acted throughout his political career was not democratic at all. Andrew Jackson accomplished to changed many things in the government without the people’s vote. He had a part in the spoils system and he made decisions for groups of people that were completely unfair. Andrew Jackson was not a big fan of how the government was previously ranned. There was always something that he wanted to change. One of the things he changed were the rotation of the government officials in office. Of course he kept in mind that the people should be able to control all offices in congress so he proposed a constitutional amendment. He was changing the time period elected officials should remain in office. Not only did he change it for everyone else but he also wanted to changed it for himself. (Document D).

Importance Of Environmental Scanning Marketing Essay

Importance Of Environmental Scanning Marketing Essay This study is regarding the EMI Music Company, EMI group is a worldwide music library from one corner to another corner of the world. This study is only focusing on the UK music market to come up with the marketing planning and the marketing strategy of the company. In the start this information is generous a concise opening of the environmental scanning and its consequence in stipulations of EMI music library. Additionally this study take part in marketing analysis through acting the macro, micro and swot analysis. The end of this report is take part in analysis the Uk music industry and Additionally this study is performing the market analysis via performing the macro, micro and SWOT analysis. In the last part of this report is analysing the UK music market and reinforcement the business of music in esteem to EMI Music group. This study is illustrating the marketing mix 4Ps and PORTERS 5 forces. The report is ending with some recommendation for EMI Music Company to plan their business in terms of marketing planning on the basis of study that is done. Environmental Scanning Every organisation is responsible for the environment that it creates. The organisations operation and structure all directly affected by the environment. Organisations environment impacts on resources and opportunities that how they can be treated? It is primary objective of the organisation to take care of the companys operations that how they are affecting the environment. For the successful growth and development of business it is important to develop such a strategies those can be assist operate the business operations. [1] To understand the environmental scanning it is important to identify the business and how it can affect the environment business around. The definition of Environmental scanning is Environmental scanning is a process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. The environmental scanning process entails obtaining both factual and subjective information on the business environments in which a company is operating or c onsidering entering. The environmental scanning can be achieved by several ways but three important ways of scanning environment are given below: Ad-hoc Scanning: Very unpredicted and short-term, mostly used in emergencies or crisis. Regular Scanning: This scanning process being done after a certain period but regularly (e.g once in a quarter or once in a year) Continuous Scanning: This is an ongoing process and remains in continuous state, have broad range of spectrum. The work of researcher through many studies, surveys and researches shows, now a days most of the business likes to implement the continuous scanning. The continuous scanning allows businesses to take actions very quickly and effectively with keep tracking the work. Importance of Environmental Scanning Environmental scanning is important for the organisation to step out or find the exact solution for companys procedure. Environmental scanning helps organisations to improve or enhance the ability of working for changing environment in stable means. The following highlighted points are given below: It enables organisation to gain capitalise of the business in early stages of the business as compare to their competitor. Environmental scanning give alerts to the organisation well before time for the impending problems. These problems can be handled and solutions can be found well before time if they are noticed well before time. This process sensitises the companys exact time of changing in environment process to meet the wishes and desire of their potential customers. This scanning process helps to find out the qualitative information in regards to the environment to assist the strategist to find the best suitable strategies for the company. It helps to strategy making bodies in their decision making process by providing them the simulation of the resource and risks. Give more opportunities to increase the business and adds extra points in the good will of the company by adding the ability of environment scanning person. It provides opportunity to companys executive in continuing the broad based studies. Helps the strategy developers in finding the latest and up-to date strategies for the organisation. Macro Environment Environment scanning is most commonly done on the macro level. The macro level analysis may contain the definition of the market, analysing the market size, potential market, market segmentation, structuring the industry, group management, competition, finding the market trends. The Macro analysis in the industry of music is defined as: In music theory, macro analysis is a method of transcribing, or writing down chords that may be used along with or instead of conventional musical analysis. Rather than roman numerals and figured bass symbols often used, letter names are used to indicate the roots of chords and are followed by symbols which specify the chord quality Market segmentation Market segmentation is very common term to identify the group of people or organisations those have the some common characteristics and need a same or similar product for the cause. According to market analysts the market segmentation may have the criteria. The different segments have different needs but it is necessary that same segment have the same need and using the same product to fulfil their needs. These groups can be further more categorised by the consumption of products by according to their needs. The market segmentation can be concerned and can be viewed in more detail as positive or negative applications of the same idea. Variables Used for market segmentation: In general terminology the market can be segmented on Geographical locations, demographic attributes, psychographic, behaviour of people and technological segmentation. SWOT Analysis Strength Strong global presence EMI Group, PLC has a worldwide market in nearly 50 countries; among its major market are North America, Continental Europe, Latin America, UK Ireland, Australia, Japan and Asia. World largest independent music company In 2002, EMI worldwide market share is 12.6%. Its large size gives many benefits such as cost reduction through economic of scale. Vast resources and strong market share also give the benefit of being able to attract the best staff and artists to the company which have a strong position for the future. Financial Performance Although EMI Group sales in fiscal 2003 decline compared to 2002, the company operating profit show excellent increased about 33.1% in 2003 compare to 2002. The improvement in operating profit was due to a comprehensive reorganization of EMI Record Music Division. World class artist roster EMI releases more than 1000 albums every year and has a roster of over 1300 artists. Among them are David Bowie, The Beatles, Norah Jones, Queen, Robbie William and many more. Weaknesses Difficulties in the US Market EMI has consistently been towards the bottom of the five majors in the US market share, which is the world largest recorded music market in the world. In 2003 it only command 9.8 % of US market share. Dont have conglomerate backing-EMI is the only top five music company that solely independent which not being own by larger corporation. This mean EMI has to generate its own resources without any help from other larger company. Decreasing in worldwide market share EMI Group, PLC worldwide market share dipped from 13.4% in 2002 to 12.6% in 2003. The worldwide decreasing were resulted from the decreasing of EMI Group market share in several major region in 2003 compared from 2002 which included North America (-0.03%), UK Ireland (-0.01%), Continental Europe (-1.7%), Latin America (-2.6%) and Australia (-0.10%). Opportunities Joint Venture / collaboration With recent merger attempts being stopped, EMI consolidation within the industry is becoming more difficult. Internet sales Internet has become the fastest growing media for music distribution and many analysts expect that the downloading trends will continue to grow in a future. More Open MA regulatory More open or liberalization of MA in music industry may increase EMI Group opportunity to acquire or merge with other music company. This will give EMI added market share and resources to compete with other major music companies. Focus on market where it has a strong market share and growth Although North America especially US is the biggest market for recorded music, however it seem that EMI having trouble to keep competing to gain more market share. Maybe EMI has to give more focus or gaining more in the market that it has a strong share such as UK Ireland, Australasia and Continental Europe. EMI also has to focus more in growing market region such as Japan and Asia. Threats Limited growth potential for recorded music The worldwide recorded music industry posted sales of $32 billion in 2002. The figure represent a 7% decline in Dollar sales and an 8% decrease in unit volume from 2001. Compared to 2001, sales of CD albums fell globally by 6% and there more continued declines in the sales of CD singles (down 16%) and cassettes (down 36%). These show that is very difficult to find growth opportunities in the market. Poor economics condition and exchange rate fluctuation As a global company operating in many countries worldwide, EMI Group, LTC is easily be vulnerable to the deteriorating economic condition worldwide and fluctuation in exchange rates and interest rates. These can often adversely affect both revenues and profits for the company. Filling low In early September 2003, RIAA filed 261 separate lawsuits in US against individuals engaged in unauthorized file sharing. Industry analysts expected that litigation would have a short-run dampening effect on unauthorized CD downloading and burning. However it was viewed as having a minima long-run effect on this practice. Aggressive Competition The recorded music industry is very competitive which dominates by five larger companies which included Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, BMG Entertainment and EMI Group, PLC. EMI has to always consider any action from competitors which may effect the company competitive position. UK Music Market Before continuing to any marketing strategy it is important to understand the market of the geographical location and trends of the targeted market. For this analysis it is important to understand the concept of the music industrys content and structure. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) offers a description of the music industry as involving businesses and organisations that record, produce, publish, distribute and market recorded music. In addition to these, four main stakeholders characterize the music industry the artist, the consumers, the music agents and the distributors. However, in seeking to define the industry it is acknowledged that no one definition can capture its diverse nature in terms of (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) musical activity and commerce. In commercial terms the global music industry is a multibillion dollar segment of the media industries and has reached a stage of maturity in its lifecycle. However with the rise of the digital era, it is undergoing signific ant transformation. With a core business sector comprising the record companies and music publishers, the global music industry transcends national boundaries and pervades virtually every culture and every society. Marketing Mix 4 Ps Product: Once EMI has taken control to the UK music market for the marketing of their products, it is the responsibility of the management to make the desired strategies which will explore products in country which also can raise their market share price. EMI has to look for their strategies according to the need of music listener and their needs and should the product as accordingly. [8] Price: Price is very important factor to be notice before planning any marketing plans and it mostly depends upon the area and the population. Everyone buys product according to pocket and if any rivals in the same area where EMI operates unable to low their cost, EMI can get the competitive advantage by keeping themselves in the market. In UK at present EMI offers promotions on mostly of their products and all promo prices are still cheaper then the other rivals. [8] Place: For more expansion of the business EMI need to do big investments in the areas where lands are cheap which normally localities are in the district and village and in general the public lives in those areas are of similar minded which can give extra advantage for do marketing. Also opening stores in the disadvantaged areas enable EMI to win the trust of local communities by providing them job opportunities in their stores. [8] Promotion: Promotion has a very vital role in any business revenue as if the business is not attaining their targets the best way is to use promotions 1st and if no result could come up, change the strategy. EMI and all different companies in the world use promotion to sell out their product. Keeping the product for a long time puts an extra burden for the warehouses which could leads to company loss if any of them gets out of date. During recession EMI and other rivals have good offers on their products to win the loyalty of their customers. PORTER Five Forces 1. Competition from substitutes: Within the music industry the threat of substitutes is extremely high. The internet has created an emerging source of substitute competition in the form of digital music and digital delivery. The availability of substitutes allows consumers to make performance and price comparisons with the option of switching to download music. The growth of both illicit and subscription downloading is effectively leading to the direct substitution of recorded music for digital alternatives. With little cost or inconvenience consumers are switching, to digital and online music services attracted by the value- added benefits of greater convenience, diversity of choice and lower costs compared with traditional formats. 2. Threat of entry: The threat from new entrants has increased with the growth of the internet. Lower capital investment and operational costs for online distribution has lowered the entry barriers for new independent record companies. As a direct consequence, new entrants compete on a more level playing field, where size is no longer a determinant of success or failure within the online market. With diversity of demands, new entrants have the opportunity to achieve success through niche target marketing. Furthermore with these evolutionary changes, traditional distribution channels are less relied upon and new entrants can compete through online distribution and marketing. However starting up in the music industry still involves risks, where investing in a new- artist may involve unrecoverable sunk costs. Representing a new artist requires financial resources, experience and substantial contact networks and with limited resources independents might find it hard to break in to the industry. The major pl ayers have already achieved a substantial competitive advantage with well established contact networks, global reputations and long- term relationships with artists. Their financial muscle and repertoire of artists enables them to spread risk over their range of portfolio projects. 3. Rivalry between established players: Internal rivalry and competition within the industry is high and remains tightly concentrated between Sony BMG, Universal, Warner and EMI. With the increase of independent labels entering the industry competition has increased. Large and small companies are now directly competing to attract artists and improve market share in both the physical and online markets. Due to the intense nature of this competition, decisions made by one company can influence others. For the main companies this intense rivalry means that their market share fluctuates through competition and can no longer be guaranteed. With parallelism pricing decisions CDs are priced at similar levels and as such companies are looking to their artists as a means of differentiation whilst attempting to offer the most creative channels of music distribution. 4. Bargaining power of buyers: The emergence of the digital music market has increased the strength of buyers bargaining power. Through online network communities, consumers bargaining power is strengthened by the abundance of online information. Consumers are now much more price sensitive and are becoming an empowered force, directly influencing how music is delivered and in what format. With the growing perception that they offer nothing more than capital, record companies are forced to react, reinventing their business models accordingly. 5. Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers within the industry has lowered .The artists can now choose to circumvent the suppliers by either setting up their own label or promoting their music via the internet. This has substantially increased artists control over earnings and marketing. Recommendations The following recommendations are provided in light of the key issues facing the company. EMI Group revenue has gone down 15.79% in the 2007 fiscal year and led it to low gross profit, net profit and ROCE ratios, as well as undesirable EPS figures. It is vital for EMI to offset the decline in CD sales and adapt to the changes in the environment to remain being attractive to investors and artists. With the growing power of the internet and technologies, the top management may consider to put weight into effective e-commerce marketing instead of continuing with traditional expensive marketing methods. It is also essential to understand that gaining market share in the digital music area should be highly prioritized as the trend of the music industry is clearly moving towards the technological side. Piracy has nonetheless become a serious issue in the industry with the rapid development of technology. It is highly advisable for EMI to cooperate with its competitors to target piracy. The possibility of achieving a satisfactory result against piracy is high with their dominant power in the industry. By bringing in game theory logic, it would be more sensible to work with the rivals in this scenario to protect revenues in the future. In addition to sales of record music, there are many other income generating activities such as concerts, merchandise and sponsorship. It is, of course, important that EMI continue developing its key strengths whiles adjusting its strategy to the changing environment. The quality of music produced is the core of the business; EMI should definitely try to keep successful artist as well as continuing to identify new artists with potential to growth.

Observation Essay †The Clown -- Observation Essays

Observation Essay – The Clown He’s a young man, the clown, with white socks striped in black, and black suspenders over a white T-shirt. White face, red nose. His MO is to follow people and imitate their motion without their noticing, to the glee of the sizeable, ever-changing audience. We’re sitting here on the steps of the Museum, hot and sweaty, watching the show. The clown can follow anyone: a slinky woman wearing pink ruffles, a kid with a mountain bike, a muscle-shirted dude talking Spanish on a cell phone, an old man walking his schnauzer, a big gray pigeon bobbing this way and that in search of food, and then taking flight. Now he slides behind high-school girlfriends, floppy-sandaled flirts leaning toward each other and flinging back their hair with unthinking charm, the clown their vampy shadow. When he bids them goodbye, he flourishes a soft, velvet-bodied top hat, and you can see his head is shaven, except for a forelock. Now he’s got a routine with a bottle of water. It’s stuck in his mouth and silently he implores a guy to get it out for him. He has a way of getting sudden spurts of water to cascade from it, while he looks surprised and delighted at once. I have persuaded my friend Kati to leave me here for an hour in the afternoon sun while she completes her tour of the Impressionists inside. She’s in New York this once, visiting from Hungary, while I live in Philadelphia and can come back any time I choose. I became hot and dizzy while standing on a Rouen street, basking in the sun before Monet’s Cathedral. A red tide rose inside my eyeballs. Kati found me clinging to a bench in front of Seurat’s Circus Sideshow and hauled me off to the Ladies’ Room, where she sprinkled cool water on my neck an... ...e gently, informing me that I have a virus, melodramatic old fool that I am. The clown has taken his place at the foot of the stairs and conducts us spectators like an orchestra, getting us to applaud in counterpoint. Then he mimes a family, three kids, all of whom need to eat and drink, and proffers his floppy hat for our sustenance. When I hold out two dollars, he comes over and mimes opening the doors of his chest, so that the heart within flutters out to me. Kati comes and we head home, our minds full of the art we saw today. As I rise from my spot on the steps, I see the clown shadow a man walking six dogs all at once, working his body back and forth on the leash of the unruliest, a sheep-dog. Then he takes a bottle of water offered by a vendor and puts it in his ear. Water squirts from his mouth, and he smiles, looking briefly skyward, one hand on his hip.

King Philip Essay -- essays research papers fc

King Philip’s War was a disturbing war fought in America in 1675, almost certainly as a result of the early contact between the English Colonists and the Native Americans. The Natives were, and had always been fighting for their freedom and land, as well as their culture unharmed. Though the Natives had their own religious beliefs, the Colonists felt that they were the greater man, and that God would play a part by remaining on their side. The Natives did not trust the English with their multiple cheated promises and such, and it was only expected that the Natives would not believe in the English. There is no one established reason for this war, like many wars, but it is only probable that it be a result of the many differences between the Native way of life, and the English way. The Wampanoag Indians were a tribe that settled in the area of current day Rhode Island and Massachusetts. It is estimated that the number of tribe members was somewhere over ten thousand before the English arrived and brought along sickness and disease that the Natives were not accustomed to. By around 1675 it is imagined that the Wampanoag population plummeted to around only one thousand members. At first, the Wampanoag were accepting of the English because there appeared to be no immediate threat of endangerment of the Natives. The Natives actually became appreciative and dependent on the English in a sense, because they had been introduced to the various types of food, clothing, and most importantly, weapons. Massasoit, the Chief of the Wampanoag Indians at the time, signed a treaty of peace with the English that promised not to give up their land to anybody without the knowledge and consent of the Plymouth government first. It wasn’t until 1630 when the situation reversed with the increasing amount of settlers moving to The Massachusetts Bay Colony known as â€Å"The Great Migration†, that the Natives became angered. The new settlers, the Puritans, were in desperate need of land and would do anything to get it. They wiped the Pequoit Indians out in the Pequoit War of 1637, and other than those who chose to convert to the Puritan religion and way of life, the Pequoit had vanished. Many of the Indian tribes were in trouble with the threat of loss of land, as well as loss of lives. It was time to strike back and defend what was theirs. After Massasoit had passed on, Alexander would... ...sold into slavery in the West Indies, while others faced disease, cultural disruption, and the loss of their lands. Works Cited Bodge, George. Soldiers in King Philips War. NEHG Register many vol's 1886-1887. Bourne, Russell. The Red King’s Rebellion. Oxford University Press, New York, 1990. Church, Benjamin. Diary of King Philip's War, 1675-76. Chester, Conn. : Published for The Little Compton Historical Society [by] Pequot Press, 1975. Leach, Douglas. Flintlock and Tomahawk. Parnassus Imprints Inc., Hyannis, Massachusetts, 1995. Lepore, Jill. The Name of War : King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity. New York : Knopf, 1998. Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Rowlandson. New England Chronology NEHG Register vol 7 October 1853. Schultz, Eric B. King Philip's War : The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. Woodstock, Vt. : Countryman Press ; New York : Distributed by W.W. Norton, c1999. Shroeder, Betty. The True Lineage of King Philip (Sachem Metacomb). NEHG Register vol 144 July 1990. Webb, Stephen Saunders. 1676, The End of American Independence. New York : Knopf, 1984.

Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚  Ã‚   Of all the various approaches to criticism, the Mythological/Archetypal achieves the greatest impact over the entire literary scope, because the themes and patterns unearthed apply universally to all works, yielding results that can be applied to a great many texts. This is because the very nature of the Mythological/Archetypal approach is the exploration of the canon for widespread and pervading symbols, plots, and characters. These are all greatly extant in Harper Lee's classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird, an extraordinary examination of the Depression-era South through the eyes of a young girl with rare intelligence and insight, living in a small town which is filled with these archetypal images. To Kill a Mockingbird, when approached from the Mythological/Archetypal viewpoint, is a prime example of the three primary elements that the method of criticism inspects: universality in character, symbol, and plot.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Universal characters in To Kill a Mockingbird are present, and well documented. For example, Jem and Scout embody the ideals of youth and the naivety of innocence, while Tom Robinson with his withered arm symbolizes the crippled powerlessness of the black community.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The scene where Tom is revealed to be physically handicapped is particularly strong:       Tom Robinson's powerful shoulders rippled under his thin shirt. He rose to his feet  Ã‚   and stood with his right hand on the back of his chair. He looked oddly off  Ã‚   balance, but it was not from the way he was standing. His left arm was fully twelve  Ã‚   inches shorter than his right, and hung dead at his side. It ended in a small shriveled  Ã‚   han... ...d proves to be a novel rich in allusions to other characters, symbols, and plots in the literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Work Cited Anglin, Laura. "Allusory Justice: Ramblings in a Mythogenic Zone." May 5, 2000.   http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Culture/HarperLee/laura.html Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed.   The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Scribners, 1989. Johnson, Claudia Durst. To Kill A Mockingbird: Threatening Boundaries. New York: Twain,   1994. ---. Understanding To Kill A Mockingbird: A Student Casebook to Issues,   Sources and Historical Documents. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1994 Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1960. Margaritopoulou, Cleopatra. "Symbolism and Allegory in To Kill A Mockingbird." May 5, 2000.   http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Culture/HarperLee/cleo.html   Ã‚  

Identifying a Problem

Identifying a Problem T. L. Wilson Grand Canyon University Professional Research Project NRS-441V March 19, 2013 Identifying a Problem The clinical environment that I previously worked in was a correctional institution. During the time that I worked in corrections I encountered several inmates that had HIV. It was this environment and the experience that I received this idea and it is what gives me the inspiration to build a proposal for change.Within this system is where I discovered that staff was not receiving much prevention and education and the inmates were not receiving any prevention education at all. During the time that I worked in corrections and encountered individuals with HIV. One evening while running the medication line a 17 year old stepped to the medication window to receive his medication. His medication was a barrage of HIV antivirals. I was shocked and found the situation to be very disturbing. I assumed this bothered me because I also had a child this age.The wh ole scenario of this young man having HIV made me feel as though somehow I had dropped the ball on him and his situation and let this young men down. I often wondered if this young man had been instructed on prevention and education prior to his HIV diagnoses. As health professional and a parent that situation personally left me feeling responsible as well as driven to do all that I can to get people educated regarding HIV prevention and education. After that initial shock wore off I encountered several others that crossed my path ranging in age from 17-21 that were HIV positive also.I also discovered that the staff and well as the inmates were in disparate need of a primary prevention and education plan. As a fully staffed health care unit there was very little to no patient teaching being conducted. I feel that it is very important that a preventive and health management program be implemented for inmates as well as staff. The purpose of such a program for staff would ensure that inmate/patients gained knowledge of their status. Implementing a preventive nd education program would give inmates insight in to their diagnosis and encourage medication compliance in addition to giving the inmate/patient the opportunity to take part in the management of their own health. This would be accomplished by being compliant with their medication and avoiding at risk behavior such as sexual activity or acquiring tattoos or any other at risk behavior. As for the health care staff and security staff an in depth expanding their knowledge base with a thorough system to educate and one that promotes prevention will decrease the exposure risk for staff and inmates.